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History of science
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History of science

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Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of scientific methods, which emphasize the observation, explanation, and adequate prediction of real world phenomena by experiment. Given the dual status of science as objective knowledge and as a human construct, good historiography of science draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.
Tracing the exact origins of modern science is possible through the many important texts which have survived from the classical world. However, the word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers.
While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since Ancient Greece (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is generally traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe.
Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some — especially philosophers of science and practicing scientists — consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.[1]
Contents[hide]
1 Early cultures
1.1 Science in the Fertile Crescent
1.2 Science in the Greco-Roman world
1.3 Science in India
1.4 Science in China
2 Science in the Middle Ages
2.1 Science in the Islamic world
2.2 Science in Medieval Europe
3 Impact of science in Europe
3.1 Age of Enlightenment
4 Modern science
4.1 Natural sciences
4.1.1 Physics
4.1.2 Chemistry
4.1.3 Geology
4.1.4 Astronomy
4.1.5 Biology, medicine, and genetics
4.1.6 Ecology
4.2 Social sciences
4.2.1 Political science in Ancient India
4.2.2 Political science in the Western and Islamic Cultures
4.2.3 Modern Political Science
4.2.4 Linguistics
4.2.5 Economics
4.2.6 Psychology
4.2.7 Sociology
4.2.8 Anthropology
4.3 Emerging disciplines
5 Academic study
5.1 Theories and sociology of the history of science
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
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