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Philosophy of science
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This article is about the concept. For the journal, see Philosophy of Science (journal).

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History of science
Philosophy of science
Scientific method
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The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science. The field is defined by an interest in one of a set of "traditional" problems or an interest in central or foundational concerns in science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science consider these problems as they apply to particular sciences (e.g. philosophy of biology or philosophy of physics). Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to draw philosophical morals.
Although most practitioners are philosophers, several prominent scientists have contributed to the field and still do. Other prominent scientists have felt that the practical effect on their work is limited: “Philosophy of science is about as useful to scientists as ornithology is to birds,” according to physicist Richard Feynman[citation needed].
Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of science. Ethical issues such as bioethics and scientific misconduct are usually considered ethics or science studies rather than philosophy of science.
Contents[hide]
1 Nature of scientific concepts and statements
1.1 Demarcation
1.2 Scientific realism and instrumentalism
1.3 Scientific explanation
1.4 Analysis and reductionism
2 Grounds of validity of scientific reasoning
2.1 Empirical Verification
2.2 Induction
2.3 Test of an isolated theory impossible
2.4 Theory-dependence of observations
2.5 Coherentism
2.6 Ockham's razor
2.7 Objectivity of observations in science
3 Philosophy of particular sciences
3.1 Philosophy of physics
3.2 Philosophy of biology
3.3 Philosophy of mathematics
3.4 Philosophy of chemistry
3.5 Philosophy of economics
3.6 Philosophy of psychology
4 Social accountability
4.1 Scientific Openness
4.2 Critiques of scientific method
5 Sociology and anthropology of science
6 Continental philosophy of science
7 See also
7.1 Philosophers of science
7.2 Subfields
7.3 Related topics
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
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