Μπεζανσόν,1772 - Παρίσι,1837.
Γάλλος θεωρητικός σοσιαλιστής,ο οποίος πρότεινε την εκ νέου αναδιάρθρωση της κοινωνίας,
βάσει κοινοβιακών ενώσεων των παραγωγών,γνωστών ως ΦΑΛΑΓΓΙΣΤΗΡΙΩΝ -phalansteres-,(από την φάλαγγα).
Η θεωρία του έγινε γνωστή ως ΦΟΥΡΙΕΡΙΣΜΟΣ.
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Άρχισε να καταγγέλει τα ''ελαττώματα του πολιτισμού'' και ιδιαίτερα τα συστήματα του εμπορίου,τη μισθωτή εργασία και τη συγκεντρωτική και κατασταλτική κρατική εξουσία.
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Αμφισβητούσε μαχητικά τόσο τις απόψεις του Όουεν,όσο και των σαιν-σιμονιστών ουτοπιστών.
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Πίστευε ότι η οικονομική ανισότητα ανάμεσα στους ανθρώπους ''υπεισέρχεται στο σχέδιο του θεού'',όλα τα έργα του οποίου είναι ''καλώς καμωμένα''.
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Κατά τον Φουριέ,
οι κοινωνικές τάξεις ακρωτηριάζουν τον άνθρωπο και τις επιθυμίες του και δημιουργούν ανισορροπία ανάμεσα στη φτώχεια και την υπεραφθονία.
Ενώ στη φύση επικρατεί η καθολική αρμονία και ο ''νόμος της έλξης'',
στις κοινωνίες ο άνθρωπος αντικατέστησε τον ''νόμο της ηθικής έλξης'' με τις ''φιλοσοφικές φαντασιοπληξίες''.
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Κατά τον Φουριέ,
οι προσπάθειες των ηθικολόγων να καταστείλουν τα πάθη ήταν μάταιες,και έπρεπε,αντίθετα,τα πάθη να είναι η μήτρα της διαμόρφωσης του κοινωνικού οργανισμού.
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Ο Φουριέ εκτιμούσε ότι,
οι άνθρωποι εργάζονται όσο το δυνατόν λιγότερο,διότι εργάζονται από υποχρέωση.
Έτσι η παραγωγή είναι μικρή και η διανομή συντελείται σε ατμόσφαιρα σύγκρουσης.
Υπάρχει λοιπόν κάθε συμφέρον να γίνει η εργασία ελκυστική ώστε ο άνθρωπος να εργάζεται από πάθος.
Για τον σκοπό αυτό θα ήταν πρόσφορο να συγκεντρωθούν άτομα,(καθορισμένου και ίσου αριθμού ανδρών και γυναικών),σε μια ομάδα-φαλαγγιστήριο,δηλαδή ένα μεγάλο ξενώνα,μέσα σε καθορισμένη έκταση,ο οποίος να περιβάλλεται από αγροτικά οικήματα και βιομηχανικές εγκαταστάσεις που να παρέχουν όλα τα απαραίτητα.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phalanst%C3%A8re.jpg
Πρόκειται δηλαδή για μια καθαρά συνεταιριστική καταναλωτική εταιρεία συνδεδεμένη με έναν παραγωγικό συνεταιρισμό.
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Οι βασικές ιδέες που διατύπωσε ο Φουριέ για την προσαρμογή της κοινωνίας στις ανθρώπινες ανάγκες και για τη σπατάλη που προκαλεί το ανταγωνιστικό σύστημα ήταν πρόδρομοι των ιδεών του Μαρξ.
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Μετά το 1830 βάσει του συνεταιριστικού του προτύπου,δημιουργήθηκαν ορισμένες κοινότητες στη Γαλλία,στη Μ.Βρετανία και στις ΗΠΑ,από τις οποίες γνωστότερες υπήρξαν,η Μπρούκ Φάρμ στη Μασαχουσέτη και η Βορειοαμερικανική Φάλαγγα στο Ρέντ Μπάνκ του Νιου Τζέρσυ.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Phalanx
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Ουτοπικές Κοινωνίες : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Utopian_communities
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fourier
[edit] Ideas
Perspective view of Fourier's Phalanstère
Fourier declared that concern and cooperation were the secrets of social success. He believed that a society that cooperated would see an immense improvement in their productivity levels. Workers would be recompensed for their labors according to their contribution. Fourier saw such cooperation occurring in communities he called "phalanxes," based around structures called Phalanstères or "grand hotels." These buildings were four level apartment complexes where the richest had the uppermost apartments and the poorest enjoyed a ground floor residence. Wealth was determined by one's job; jobs were assigned based on the interests and desires of the individual. There were incentives: jobs people might not enjoy doing would receive higher pay. Fourier considered trade, which he associated with Jews, to be the "source of all evil" and advocated that Jews be forced to perform farm work in the phalansteries.[10]
Fourier characterized poverty (not inequality) as the principal cause of disorder in society, and he proposed to eradicate it by sufficiently high wages and by a "decent minimum" for those who were not able to work.[11]
He believed that there were twelve common passions which resulted in 810 types of character, so the ideal phalanx would have exactly 1620 people. One day there would be six million of these, loosely ruled by a world "omniarch", or (later) a World Congress of Phalanxes. He had a touching concern for the sexually rejected–jilted suitors would be led away by a corps of "fairies" who would soon cure them of their lovesickness, and visitors could consult the card-index of personality types for suitable partners for casual sex. He also defended homosexuality as a personal preference for some people.
Fourier was also a supporter of women's rights in a time period where influences like Jean-Jacques Rousseau were prevalent. Fourier believed that all important jobs should be open to women on the basis of skill and aptitude rather than closed on account of gender. He spoke of women as individuals, not as half the human couple. Fourier saw that “traditional” marriage could potentially hurt woman's rights as human beings and thus never married.[12]
Fourier's concern was to liberate every human individual, man, woman, and child, in two senses: Education and the liberation of human passion.[13]
On Education, Fourier felt that "civilized" parents and teachers saw children as little idlers.[14] Fourier felt that this way of thinking was wrong. He felt that children as early as age two and three were very industrious. He listed the dominant tastes in all children to include, but not limited to:
Rummaging or inclination to handle everything, examine everything, look through everything, to constantly change occupations;
Industrial commotion, taste for noisy occupations;
Aping or imitative mania.
Industrial miniature, a taste for miniature workshops.
Progressive attraction of the weak toward the strong.[14]
Fourier was deeply disturbed by the disorder of his time and wanted to stabilize the course of events which surrounded him. Fourier saw his fellow human beings living in a world full of strife, chaos, and disorder.[15]
Fourier is best remembered for his writings on a new world order based on unity of action and harmonious collaboration.[2] He is also known for certain Utopian pronouncements, such as that the seas would lose their salinity and turn to lemonade, and in a prescient view of climate change, that the North Pole would be milder than the Mediterranean in a future phase of Perfect Harmony.[14]
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Charles Fourier
The Lemonade Ocean & Modern Times
Selections from the Works of Fourier a 1901 collection
Charles Fourier Archive at marxists.org
Charles Fourier at Find a Grave
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Influence :
The influence of Fourier's ideas in French politics was carried forward into the 1848 Revolution and the Paris Commune by followers such as Victor Considérant.
Numerous references to Fourierism appear in Dostoevsky's political novel The Possessed first published in 1872. In it Fourierism is used by the revolutionary faithful as something of an insult to their brethren and those within the circle are quick to defend themselves from being labeled a Fourierist. Whether this is because it is a foreign ideology or because they believe it to be archaic is never made entirely clear.
Fourier's ideas also took root in America, with his followers starting phalanxes throughout the country, including one of the most famous, Utopia, Ohio.
Kent Bromley, in his preface to Peter Kropotkin's book The Conquest of Bread, considered Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarotti.[16]
In the mid-20th century, Fourier's influence began to rise again among writers reappraising socialist ideas outside the Marxist mainstream. After the Surrealists had broken with the French Communist Party, André Breton returned to Fourier, writing Ode à Charles Fourier in 1947.
Walter Benjamin considered Fourier crucial enough to devote an entire "konvolut" of his massive, projected book on the Paris arcades, the Passagenwerk, to Fourier's thought and influence. He writes: "To have instituted play as the canon of a labor no longer rooted in exploitation is one of the great merits of Fourier," and notes that "Only in the summery middle of the nineteenth century, only under its sun, can one conceive of Fourier's fantasy materialized."
In 1969, the Situationists quoted and adapted Fourier's Avis aux civilisés relativement à la prochaine métamorphose sociale in their text Avis aux civilisés relativement à l'autogestion généralisée.
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List of American Utopian communities
List of Finnish utopian communities
A
Acorn Community
Alliance Colony
Amana Colonies
Ambridge, Pennsylvania
Arcosanti
Aurora, Oregon
Auroville
B
Bethel, Missouri
Bishop Hill, Illinois
Brights Grove, Ontario
Brithdir Mawr
Brook Farm
Byrdcliffe Colony
C
Clarion, Utah
Communities Directory
Community Place
Craik Sustainable Living Project
E
Ecovillage
Schloss Elmau
Enfield, Connecticut
Enfield, New Hampshire
Ephrata Cloister
Equality Colony
F
Fairhope, Alabama
Federation of Damanhur
Fellowship Farm Cooperative Association
Findhorn Ecovillage
Freeland, Washington
F cont.
Fruitlands (transcendental center)
G
Germantown Colony and Museum
H
Harmony Society
Harmony, Pennsylvania
Harvard, Massachusetts
Holberg, British Columbia
Home of Truth, Utah
Home, Washington
Hopedale Community
Hygeia (city)
I
Icarians
K
Koreshan Unity
L
La Reunion (Dallas)
Letchworth
Los Horcones
M
Maryhill, Washington
Massillon, Ohio
Meadeau View Institute
Minnesota Experimental City
N
Narkomfin Building
Nashoba Commune
Nauvoo, Illinois
New Australia
New Harmony, Indiana
New Lanark
New Llano, Louisiana
Nininger Township, Dakota County, Minnesota
North American Phalanx
O
Octagon City
Oneida Community
O cont.
Orange Twin Conservation Community
Orania, Northern Cape
R
Ralahine
Raritan Bay Union
Roosevelt, New Jersey: Visions of Utopia
Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
Rugby, Tennessee
Ruskin Colony
Ruskin, British Columbia
Ruskin, Florida
S
Shakers
Skaneateles Community
Sointula, British Columbia
Soul City, North Carolina
St Agnes Place
Svanholm
T
Temples of Humankind
The Farm (Tennessee)
Twin Oaks Community
U
United Order
Utopia, Ohio
Utopia, Texas
W
Watervliet, New York
Welwyn Garden City
Whiteway Colony
World Brotherhood Colonies
Y
Yellow Springs, Ohio
Z
Zihuatanejo Project
Zion, Illinois
Zoar, Ohio
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