Franklin Rosalind Elsie,Λονδίνο 1920-1958,Μοριακή δομή του DNA

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Βρετανίδα επιστήμων,η οποία συνέβαλε στην ανακάλυψη της μοριακής δομής του DNA,συστατικού των χρωμοσωμάτων που χρησιμεύει στην κωδικοποίηση της γενετικής πληροφορίας.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
Μέλος απ'το 1951 του προσωπικού του Βιοφυσικού Εργαστηρίου στο Κίνγκ'ς Κόλετζ του Λονδίνου,εφάρμοσε εκεί τις μεθόδους της ΠΕΡΙΘΛΑΣΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΚΤΙΝΩΝ Χ στη μελέτη των χρωμοσωμάτων.
Απ'το 1953 ως το 1958 εργάστηκε στο Εργαστήριο Κρυσταλλογραφίας στο Μπέρκμπεκ Κόλετζ του Λονδίνου.
Εκεί ολοκλήρωσε το ερευνητικό της έργο στους γαιάνθρακες και στα χρωμοσώματα και άρχισε ένα πρόγραμμα σχετικά με την μοριακή δομή του ιού της μωσαϊκής του καπνού.
Συνεργάστηκε σε εργασίες που απέδειξαν ότι το RNA του ιού βρισκόταν βυθισμένο στην πρωτεϊνη του μάλλον παρά στην κεντρική κοιλότητα και ότι το RNA αυτό ήταν μονόκλωνος έλικα και όχι ο δίκλωνος έλικας που απαντά στο DNA των φάγων και των ανώτερων οργανισμών.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_structure_of_Nucleic_Acids
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Contribution to the model of DNA
Rosalind Franklin was probably never aware that her work had been used during construction of the model, but Maurice Wilkins was and some feel that this was inappropriate.[72] It was later implied incorrectly by Horace Freeland Judson that Maurice Wilkins had taken the photograph out of Rosalind Franklin's desk drawer, causing an uproar.[73] Others have suggested that not obtaining Franklin's permission before sharing the results was somehow an oversight. It was later suggested by some that since a customary British notion is that everything official is considered secret until it is deliberately made public, that Perutz's sharing of the MRC report should have been treated as confidential even though it was not marked as such.[74]
After the publication of Watson's The Double Helix, Perutz was beset by so many letters questioning his judgement that he felt the need to both answer them all and to post a general statement in Science excusing himself on the basis of being "inexperienced and casual in administrative matters." [75][76] Perutz also indicated that the MRC information was already made available to the Cambridge team when Watson had attended Franklin's seminar in November in 1951.[77] The Perutz letter was one of three letters, published with letters by Wilkins and Watson, which discussed their various contributions. Watson clarified the importance of the data obtained from the MRC report as he had not recorded these data while attending Franklin's lecture in 1951.[78]
[edit] Recognition of her contribution to the model of DNA
On the completion of their model, Francis Crick and James Watson had invited Maurice Wilkins to be a co-author of their paper describing the structure but he turned down this offer, as he had taken no part in conceiving of the model.[79][80] Wilkins later expressed regret that greater discussion of co-authorship had not taken place as this might have helped to clarify the contribution the work at King's had made to the discovery, but a full citation was not possible since Franklin's experimental data in the MRC report remained unpublished.[81][82] Watson and Crick did not cite the MRC report as a personal communication or else cited the ACTA articles in press not did they cite the third Nature paper that they knew was in press. What acknowledgement Franklin did receive was always coupled with the name of Wilkins.[83]
In Watson's account, The Double Helix, he gave a clear recitation of Franklin's contribution. Watson asserted that Franklin did not know how to interpret her own data and that she should have therefore shared her work with Wilkins, Watson, and Crick. He also mentions a disagreement about acknowledgement between himself and Franklin over a pre-print of Pauling's mistaken DNA manuscript.[84][85] In their original paper, Watson and Crick do cite the X-ray diffraction work of both Wilkins and William Astbury. In addition, they admit their ,"having been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental work of [groups led by both both Wilkins and Franklin]".[2] Franklin and Raymond Gosling's own publication in the same issue of Nature was the first publication of this more clarified X-ray image of DNA.[86]
[edit] Nobel Prize
The rules of the Nobel Prize forbid posthumous nominations[80] and because Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958 she was not eligible for nomination to the Nobel Prize subsequently awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins in 1962.[87] The award was for their body of work on nucleic acids and not exclusively for the discovery of the structure of DNA.[88] By the time of the award Wilkins had been working on the structure of DNA for over 10 years, and had done much to confirm the Watson-Crick model.[89] Crick had been working on the genetic code at Cambridge and Watson had worked on RNA for some years.[90]
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[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin in CWP at UCLA
Himetop – The History of medicine topographical database in http://himetop.wikidot.com/rosalind-franklin
The People's Archive: Video interview with Aaron Klug: video segments relating to Rosalind Franklin:
12. Work at Birbeck and meeting Franklin
13. Work with Franklin
17. Franklin and the discovery of the structure of DNA
18. Franklin's death and joining the MRC's LMB in Cambridge
[edit] Articles
Franklin, S.*My aunt, the DNA pioneer
Elkin, L.O. "Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix" in "Physics Today" magazine
Piper, A.*Light on a Dark Lady, republished article from Trends in Biochemical Science
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography for article by Sir Aaron Klug
Clue to chemistry of heredity found The New York Times, 1953-06-13
[edit] Documentaries
Nova: "Secret of Photo 51"
[edit] Collections and publications
The Rosalind Franklin Society.
The Rosalind Franklin Papers at the National Library of Medicine
Anne Sayre Collection of Rosalind Franklin Materials
Lynne Elkin collection of original Franklin research at the Bancroft Archive of the University of California, Berkeley
The Rosalind Franklin Papers at Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge.
Key Participants: Rosalind Franklin - Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History
"Rosalind Franklin’s work on coal, carbon, and graphite", by Peter J F Harris in PDF format
Energia Vol.6 No.6 (1995) (University of Kentucky centre for Applied Energy Research). Contains Rosalind Franklin Article in PDF format

DNA structure research at King's College London 1947-1959
Rosalind Franklin Raymond Gosling John Randall Alex Stokes Maurice Wilkins Herbert Wilson
Persondata
NAME
Franklin, Rosalind
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Franklin, Rosalind Elsie
SHORT DESCRIPTION
biophysicist and crystallographer
DATE OF BIRTH
1920-07-25
PLACE OF BIRTH
Notting Hill, London
DATE OF DEATH
1958-04-16
PLACE OF DEATH
Chelsea, London