Fiat-Club of Rome a secret Rockefeller circle.....“Black Nobility”—the aristocratic and royal families of Europe....George Soros is ruining East European economies through his liberal economic writ...Committee of 300, whose innermost circle is the Order of the Garter...The Knights of Jerusalem are close to the English royal family....Within our own system, they settled on Mallona (now forming the asteroid belt), Mars (as evidenced by the great pyramids and the Face at Cydonia), and on earth in Mesopotamia, where they formed the ruling caste of the Sumerians....coming of a messiah, the “Third Sargon,”...El Shaddai, commanded the Jews “to make hell on earth,”...The First World War was engineered to bring Russia under Illuminati control; the Second World War exploited “differences of opinion between CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 293German nationalists and political Zionists” to expand the Russian sphere of influence and legitimize the state of Israel; the Third World War will lead mankind to embrace the “Luciferic doctrine.”....Brotherhood’s critical interests: the CIA, the Federal Reserve....The Brotherhood elite (Icke’s alternative term for the Illuminati) includes the Rothschild and Rockefeller empires. It has six front organizations, namely the Council on Foreign Relations, the Trilateral Commission, the Club of Rome, the Bilderberg Group, the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the United Nations.......a puppet ruler from among their slaves...“cattle”..“Goyim”...A spacecraft called Galileo, presently on its way to Jupiter, will deliver a plutonium payload into the heart of the giant planet, generating an atomic reaction and the birth of a new star, which is to be called Lucifer..creeping socialism and bureaucratic authoritarianism

You are the victim! You are the spoils! They want your home, your family, your mother, your children; they want to inject your children with a number!

crisis creation project
godless

conspirators

a totalitarian slave state of controlled citizens

Mount Weather near Bluemont, Virginia, is described as an underground city for the shadow government

Mark Gregory Koernke (pron.: /ˈkɔrn.kiː/; born 1957), known as "Mark from Michigan," is a prominent militia activist and shortwave radio broadcaster. As an early proponent of the black helicopters, he was largely responsible for popularizing it^[1] in appearances on Tom Valentine's radio show and in public speeches which were widely circulated on videocassette. He was host of his own radio show, "The Intelligence Report",^[2] on WWCR until the station indefinitely suspended his broadcasts.^[3] Shortly before his suspension, Koernke had suggested that authorities were setting up Timothy J. McVeigh for assassination.^[4] During this time Mark was interviewed by Sam Donaldson.^[5]

Mark is also known for his various educational videos on the New World Order. One of his better known pieces of work is called "America in Peril".^[6] America in Peril is the first in a trilogy of movies with America in Peril 2, and America in Peril 3 being the following documentaries.

After serving a three-to-seven-year sentence in prison for assaulting police, resisting arrest, and fleeing from police in a car chase, Koernke claimed that he had been set up by John Stadtmiller, co-founder of the Republic radio network syndicating his show.^[7]^[8]

On March 15, 2007, Koernke completed his sentence and was released from prison. He is not under any parole since he served his entire time sentenced in prison. Koernke initially resumed hosting "The Intelligence Report" on the "Patriot Broadcasting Network"^[9]and WTPRN ^[10] but now is broadcasting on Liberty Tree Radio ^[11] and the Micro Effect.^[12] In addition to radio Mark Koernke has many training videos on his YouTube page under the name Libertytreeradio.^[13]

in 1773, when Mayer Amschel Rothschild met twelve wealthy Jews (the Elders of Zion) at a secret meeting in Frankfurt

Fourth Reich of the Rich is a conspiracy book by Christian writer Des Griffin about theNew World Order.^[1]

The books claims that "International Jews"/Illuminati are today's "modern dayNazis".^{[citation needed]} It argues that the Holocaust changed the "Jewish psyche" that created a reactionary response becoming worse than Nazi Germany in an international/New World Order conspiracy.

This book has very few elements that deal with the influence of Jews in various forms of government, with his assertion being that Jews are involved in some kind of plot to control the world. The book does however go into great detail, with great documentation, and photocopies of various sources to verify arguments made in the book. Throughout the novel Mr. Griffin describes the founding of many modern organizations beginning with Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Illuminati, which began May 1, 1776.

It then weaves a path through the influence of figures such as Albert Pike, who served as a brigadier-general for the confederate army during the Civil War. The book also covers content from such influential authors such as Clinton Roosevelt (author of The Science of Government: Founded on Natural Law), whose ideas pre-dated those of Karl Marx by a few decades and were very influential in the "Social Science of Government," now known as Socialism.

socialist police state
bankers, corporate leaders and leading families to rule

a video, Waco: The Big Lie (1993–94), which documents the background of
the sect, the legal preparations of the government to justify its assault on the
Waco compound, and the ensuing hostilities from February to April 1993.

Abdullah II, King of Jordan
Abramovich, Roman
Ackermann, Josef
Adeane, Edward
Agius, Marcus
Ahtisaari, Martti
Akerson, Daniel
Albert II, King of Belgium
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia
Amato, Giuliano
Anderson, Carl A.
Andreotti, Giulio
Andrew, Duke of York
Anne, Princess Royal
Anstee, Nick
Ash, Timothy Garton
Astor, William Waldorf
Aven, Pyotr
Balkenende, Jan Peter
Ballmer, Steve
Balls, Ed
Barroso, José Manuel
Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands
Belka, Marek
Bergsten, C. Fred
Berlusconi, Silvio
Bernake, Ben
Bernstein, Nils
Berwick, Donald
Bildt, Carl
Bischoff, Sir Winfried
Blair, Tony
Blankfein, Lloyd
Blavatnik, Leonard
Bloomberg, Michael
Bolkestein, Frits
Bolkiah, Hassanal
Bonello, Michael C
Bonino, Emma
Boren, David L.
Borwin, Duke of Mecklenburg
Bronfman, Charles
Bronfman, Edgar Jr.
Bruton, John
Brzezinski, Zbigniew
Budenberg, Robin
Buffet, Warren
Bush, George HW
Cameron, David
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique
Carington, Peter
Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden
Carlos, Duke of Parma
Carney, Mark
Carroll, Cynthia
Caruana, Jaime
Castell, Sir William
Chan, Anson
Chan, Margaret
Chan, Norman
Charles, Prince of Wales
Chartres, Richard
Chiaie, Stefano Delle
Chipman, Dr John
Chodiev, Patokh
Christoph, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein
Cicchitto, Fabrizio
Clark, Wesley
Clarke, Kenneth
Clegg, Nick
Clinton, Bill
Cohen, Abby Joseph
Cohen, Ronald
Cohn, Gary
Colonna di Paliano, Marcantonio, Duke of Paliano
Constantijn, Prince of the Netherlands
Constantine II, King of Greece
Cooksey, David
Cowen, Brian
Craven, Sir John
Crockett, Andrew
Dadush, Uri
D'Aloisio, Tony
Darling, Alistair
Davies, Sir Howard
Davignon, Étienne
Davis, David
de Rothschild, Benjamin
de Rothschild, David René
de Rothschild, Evelyn
de Rothschild, Leopold
Deiss, Joseph
Deripaska, Oleg
Dobson, Michael
Draghi, Mario
Du Plessis, Jan
Dudley, William C.
Duisenberg, Wim
Edward, Duke of Kent
Edward, Earl of Wessex
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom
Elkann, John
Emanuele, Vittorio, Prince of Naples
Ernst August, Prince of Hanover
Feldstein, Martin
Festing, Matthew
Fillon, François
Fischer, Heinz
Fischer, Joschka
Fischer, Stanley
FitzGerald, Niall
Franz, Duke of Bavaria
Fridman, Mikhail
Friso, Prince of Orange-Nassau
Gates, Bill
Geidt, Christopher
Geithner, Timothy
Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia
Gibson-Smith, Dr Chris
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Gore, Al
Gotlieb, Allan
Green, Stephen
Greenspan, Alan
Grosvenor, Gerald, 6th Duke of Westminster
Gurría, José Ángel
Hague, William
Hampton, Sir Philip
Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
Harald V, King of Norway
Harper, Stephen
Heisbourg, François
Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Hildebrand, Philipp
Hills, Carla Anderson
Holbrooke, Richard
Honohan, Patrick
Howard, Alan
Ibragimov, Alijan
Ingves, Stefan
Isaacson, Walter
Juan Carlos, King of Spain
Jacobs, Kenneth M.
Julius, DeAnne
Juncker, Jean-Claude
Kenen, Peter
Kerry, John
King, Mervyn
Kinnock, Glenys

Kissinger, Henry
Knight, Malcolm
Koon, William H. II
Krugman, Paul
Kufuor, John
Lajolo, Giovanni
Lake, Anthony
Lambert, Richard
Lamy, Pascal
Landau, Jean-Pierre
Laurence, Timothy
Leigh-Pemberton, James
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania
Leonard, Mark
Levene, Peter
Leviev, Lev
Levitt, Arthur
Levy, Michael
Lieberman, Joe
Livingston, Ian
Loong, Lee Hsien
Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este
Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou
Louis-Dreyfus, Gérard
Mabel, Princess of Orange-Nassau
Mandelson, Peter
Manning, Sir David
Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este
Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark
Martínez, Guillermo Ortiz
Mashkevitch, Alexander
Massimo, Stefano, Prince of Roccasecca dei Volsci
Massimo-Brancaccio, Fabrizio Prince of Arsoli and Triggiano
McDonough, William Joseph
McLarty, Mack
Mersch, Yves
Michael, Prince of Kent
Michael, King of Romania
Miliband, David
Miliband, Ed
Mittal, Lakshmi
Moreno, Glen
Moritz, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
Murdoch, Rupert
Napoléon, Charles
Nasser, Jacques
Niblett, Robin
Nichols, Vincent
Nicolás, Adolfo
Noyer, Christian
Ofer, Sammy
Ogilvy, Alexandra, Lady Ogilvy
Ogilvy, David, 13th Earl of Airlie
Ollila, Jorma
Oppenheimer, Nicky
Osborne, George
Oudea, Frederic
Parker, Sir John
Patten, Chris
Pébereau, Michel
Penny, Gareth
Peres, Shimon
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Pio, Dom Duarte, Duke of Braganza
Pöhl, Karl Otto
Powell, Colin
Prokhorov, Mikhail
Quaden, Guy
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh
Ratzinger, Joseph Alois (Pope Benedict XVI)
Reuben, David
Reuben, Simon
Rhodes, William R.
Rice, Susan
Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Rifkind, Sir Malcolm
Ritblat, Sir John
Roach, Stephen S.
Robinson, Mary
Rockefeller, David Jr.
Rockefeller, David Sr.
Rockefeller, Nicholas
Rodríguez, Javier Echevarría
Rogoff, Kenneth
Roth, Jean-Pierre
Rothschild, Jacob
Rubenstein, David
Rubin, Robert
Ruspoli, Francesco, 10th Prince of Cerveteri
Safra, Joseph
Safra, Moises
Sands, Peter
Sarkozy, Nicolas
Sassoon, Isaac
Sassoon, James
Sawers, Sir Robert John
Scardino, Marjorie
Schwab, Klaus
Schwarzenberg, Karel
Schwarzman, Stephen A.
Shapiro, Sidney
Sheinwald, Nigel
Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Archduke of Austria
Simeon of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Snowe, Olympia
Sofía, Queen of Spain
Soros, George
Specter, Arlen
Stern, Ernest
Stevenson, Dennis
Steyer, Tom
Stiglitz, Joseph
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique
Straw, Jack
Sutherland, Peter
Tanner, Mary
Tedeschi, Ettore Gotti
Thompson, Mark
Thomson, Dr. James
Tietmeyer, Hans
Trichet, Jean-Claude
Tucker, Paul
Van Rompuy, Herman
Vélez, Álvaro Uribe
Verplaetse, Alfons
Villiger, Kaspar
Vladimirovna, Maria, Grand Duchess of Russia
Volcker, Paul
von Habsburg, Otto
Waddaulah, Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin, Sultan of Brunei
Walker, Sir David
Wallenberg, Jacob
Walsh, John
Warburg, Max
Weber, Axel Alfred
Weill, Michael David
Wellink, Nout
Whitman, Marina von Neumann
Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
William Prince of Wales
Williams, Dr Rowan
Williams, Shirley
Wilson, David
Wolfensohn, James
Wolin, Neal S.
Woolf, Harry
Woolsey, R. James Jr.
Worcester, Sir Robert
Wu, Sarah
Zoellick, Robert

What are the goals of the secret elite group, the inheritors of Illuminism (Moriah Conquering Wind), the Cult of Dionysius, the Cult of Isis, Catharism, Bogomilism? This elite group that also calls itself the OLYMPIANS (they truly believe they are equal in power and stature to the legendary gods of Olympus, who have, like Lucifer their god, set themselves above our true God) absolutely believe they have been charged with implementing the following by divine right:

1. A One World Government-New World Order with a unified church and monetary system under their direction. Not many people are aware that the One World Government began setting up its "church" in the 1920's/ 1930's, for they realized the need for a religious belief inherent in mankind to have an outlet and, therefore, set up a "church" body to channel that belief in the direction they desired.

2. The utter destruction of all national identity and national pride.

3. The destruction of religion and more especially the Christian religion, with the one exception, their own creation mentioned above.

4. Control of each and every person through means of mind control and what Brzezinski call "technotronics" which would create human-like robots and a system of terror beside which Felix Dzerzinski's Red Terror will look like children at play.

5. An end to all industrialization and the production of nuclear generated electric power in what they call "the post-industrial zero-growth society." Exempted are the computer and service industries. United States industries that remain will be exported to countries such as Mexico where abundant slave labour is available. Unemployables in the wake of industrial destruction will either become opium-heroin and or cocaine addicts, or become statistics in the elimination process we know today as Global 2000.

6. Legalization of drugs and pornography.

7. Depopulation of large cities according to the trial run carried out by the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia. It is interesting to note that Pol Pot's genocidal plans were drawn up here in the United States by one of the Club of Rome's research foundations. It is also interesting that the Committee is presently seeking to reinstate the Pol Pot butchers in Cambodia.

8. Suppression of all scientific development except for those deemed beneficial by the Committee. Especially targeted is nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Particularly hated are the fusion experiments presently being scorned and ridiculed by the Committee and its jackals of the press. Development of the fusion torch would blow the Committee's conception of "limited natural resources" right out of the window. A fusion torch properly used could create unlimited untapped natural resources from the most ordinary substances. Fusion torch uses are legion and would benefit mankind in a manner which is as yet not even remotely comprehended by the public.

9. Cause by means of limited wars in the advanced countries, and by means of starvation and diseases in Third World countries, the death of 3 billion people by the year 2000, people they call "useless eaters." The Committee of 300 commissioned Cyrus Vance to write a paper on this subject of how best to bring about such genocide. The paper was produced under the title the "Global 2000 Report" and was accepted and approved for action by President Carter, for and on behalf of the U.S. Government, and accepted by Edwin Muskie, then Secretary of State. Under the terms of the Global 2000 Report, the population of the United States is to be reduced by 100 million by the year 2050.

10. To weaken the moral fibre of the nation and to demoralize workers in the labour class by creating mass unemployment. As jobs dwindle due to the post industrial zero growth policies introduced by the Club of Rome, demoralized and discouraged workers will resort to alcohol and drugs. The youth of the land will be encouraged by means of rock music and drugs to rebel against the status quo, thus undermining and eventually destroying the family unit. In this regard The Committee of 300 commissioned Tavistock Institute to prepare a blueprint as to how this could be achieved. Tavistock directed Stanford Research to undertake the work under the direction of Professor Willis Harmon. This work later became known as "The Aquarian Conspiracy."

11. To keep people everywhere from deciding their own destinies by means of one created crisis after another and then "managing" such crises. This will confuse and demoralize the population to the extent where faced with too many choices, apathy on a massive scale will result. In the case of the United States, an agency for crisis management is already in place. It is called the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), whose existence I first disclosed in 1980.

12. To introduce new cults and continue to boost those already functioning which includes rock "music" gangsters such as the filthy, degenerate Mick Jagger's "Rolling Stones" (a gangster group much favoured by European Black Nobility) and all of the Tavistock created "rock" groups which began with "The Beatles." To continue to build up the cult of Christian fundamentalism begun by the British East India Company's servant, Darby, which will be misused to strengthen the Zionist state of Israel through identifying with the Jews through the myth of "God's Chosen People" and by donating very substantial amounts of money to what they mistakenly believe is a religious cause in the furtherance of Christianity.

13. To press for the spread of religious cults such as the Moslem Brotherhood, Moslem fundamentalism, the Sikhs, and to carry out experiments of the Jim Jones and "Son of Sam" type of murders. It is worth noting that the late Ayatollah Khomeini was a creation of British Intelligence Military Intelligence Division 6, commonly known as M16, as I reported in my 1985 work, "What Really Happened in Iran."

14. To export "religious liberation" ideas around the world so as to undermine all existing religions but more especially the Christian religion. This began with "Jesuit Liberation Theology" which brought about the downfall of the Somoza family rule in Nicaragua and which is today destroying EI Salvador, now 25 years into a "civil war," Costa Rica and Honduras. One very active entity engaged in so-called liberation theology is the Communist oriented Mary Knoll Mission. This accounts for the extensive media attention to the murder of four of Mary Knoll's so-called nuns in EI Salvador a few years ago.

The four nuns were Communist subversive agents and their activities were widely documented by the government of EI Salvador. The United States press and news media refused to give any space or coverage to the mass of documentation in possession of the Salvadorian government, documentation which proves what the Mary Knoll Mission nuns were doing in the country. Mary Knoll is in service in many countries, and played a leading role in bringing Communism to Rhodesia, Mozambique, Angola and South Africa.

15. To cause a total collapse of the world's economies and engender total political chaos.

16. To take control of all Foreign and domestic policies of the United States.

17. To give the fullest support to supranational institutions such as the United Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Bank of International Settlements (BIS), the World Court and, as far as possible, make local institutions of lesser effect by gradually phasing them out or bringing them under the mantle of the United Nations.

18. Penetrate and subvert all governments, and work from within them to destroy the sovereign integrity of nations represented by them.

19. Organize a world-wide terrorist apparatus and negotiate with terrorists whenever terrorist activities take place. It will be recalled that it was Bettino Craxi who persuaded the Italian and U.S. governments to negotiate with the Red Brigades kidnapers of Prime Minister Moro and General Dozier. As an aside, General Dozier is under orders not to talk about what happened to him. Should he break that silence, he will no doubt be made "a horrible example of" in the manner in which Kissinger dealt with Aldo Moro, Ali Bhutto and General Zia ul Haq.

20. Take control of education in America with the intent and purpose of utterly and completely destroying it.

Much of these goals, which I first enumerated in 1969, have since been achieved or are well on their way to being achieved. Of special interest in the Committee of 300 program is the core of their economic policy, which is largely based on the teachings of Malthus, the son of an English country parson who was pushed to prominence by the British East India Company upon which the Committee of 300 is modelled.

Malthus maintained that man's progress is tied to the earth's natural ability to support a given number of people, beyond which point earth's limited resources would rapidly be depleted. Once these natural resources have been consumed, it will be impossible to replace them. Hence, Malthus observed, it is necessary to limit populations within the boundaries of decreasing natural resources. It goes without saying that the elite will not allow themselves to be threatened by a burgeoning population of "useless eaters," hence culling must be practiced. As I have previously stated, "culling" is going on today, using the methods mandated in the "Global 2000 Report." -- Dr. John Coleman, former British Intelligence Officer, The Conspirator's Hierarchy: The Committee of 300 almighty god

"Three hundred men, all of whom know one another, direct the economic destiny of Europe and choose their successors from among themselves." --Walter Rathenau, 1909, founder of the mammoth German General Electric Corporation

The Committee of 300 is a product of the British East India Company's Council of 300. The East India Company was chartered by the British royal family in 1600. It made vast fortunes in theopium drug trade with China and became the largest company on earth in its time. Today, through many powerful alliances, the Committee of 300 rules the world and is the driving force behind the criminal agenda to create a "New World Order", under a "Totalitarian Global Government". There is no need to use "they" or "the enemy" except as shorthand. We know who "they", the enemy, is. The Committee of 300 with its "aristocracy", its ownership of the U.S. Federal Reserve banking system, insurance companies, giant corporations, foundations, communications networks, presided over by a hierarchy of conspirators-this is the enemy. Secret societies exist by deception. Each is a hierarchy with an inner circle at the top, who deceives those below with lies, such as claiming a noble agenda; thus, duping them into following a web of compartmentalized complicity. The inner circle of the Committee of 300 is the Order of the Garter, headed by Queen Elizabeth Windsor II. It is interesting to note that the Windsor's changed their name from the Germanic Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during WWI, because of anti-German sentiment.

The enemy is clearly identifiable as the Committee of 300 and its front organizations, such as the Royal Institute for International Affairs (Chatham House), the Club of Rome, NATO, U.N., the Black Nobility, the Tavistock Institute, CFR and all its affiliated organizations, the think tanks and research institutions controlled by Stanford and the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations and last, but certainly not least, the military establishment.

The Committee of 300 is the ultimate secret society made up of an untouchable ruling class, which includes the Queen of the United Kingdom (Elizabeth II), the Queen of the Netherlands, the Queen of Denmark and the royal families of Europe. These aristocrats decided at the death of Queen Victoria, the matriarch of the Venetian Black Guelphs that, in order to gain world-wide control, it would be necessary for its aristocratic members to "go into business" with the non-aristocratic but extremely powerful leaders of corporate business on a global scale, and so the doors to ultimate power were opened to what the Queen of England likes to refer to as "the commoners". Through their illicit banking cartel, they own the stock of the Federal Reserve, which is a private for profit corporation that violates U.S. Constitution and is a root of the problem.

The decadent American families of the unholy partnership, thoroughly corrupted and wallowing in tainted opium money, went on to become what we know today as the Eastern Liberal Establishment. Its members, under the careful guidance and direction of the British Crown, and subsequently, its foreign policy executive arm, the Royal Institute for International Affairs (RIIA), now known as Chatham House, located in England (across St. James's Square from the Astors), ran the United States from top to bottom through their secret upper-level, parallel government, which is tightly meshed with the Committee of 300, the ultimate secret society. That secret, all-powerful government is now more in control of the United States than ever before.

Order of St. John of Jerusalem
Club of Rome
the German Marshall Fund
the Cini Foundation
the Round Table
the Fabianists
the Venetian Black Nobility
the Mont Pelerin Society
Hellfire Clubs,

Dr. John Coleman is a former intelligence agent of British MI6. He rips the lid off the conspiratorial group which knows NO national boundaries, is ABOVE the law of ALL countries and controls every aspect of politics, commerce, religion, industry, banking, insurance, mining, and even the drug trade. Learn how this small elite group who are answerable to NO ONE, except its members, have pulled the strings on ALL major world events and why, until now, few people have even been aware of its existence, let alone power, in manipulating the affairs of the entire WORLD. All of these members are revealed, including all of the corporations, government agencies and various movements which "they" have developed and control to further their own aims for WORLD DOMINATION.

THE 1990s WITNESSED political developments in both America and Europe that lent credence to a fear of big government and corporatism. The fall
of the Soviet Union and the end of communism in 1990 signalled the beginning of a new phase of U.S. world hegemony, backed by frequent calls for a
“New World Order” by both President Bush and also Russian leaders. The
Gulf crisis and the dispatch of a U.S. led-United Nations taskforce for the war
against Iraq (February 1991) unleashed further rhetoric about supranational
government. Government regulation, already growing under the Republican
administration of George Bush, received a further boost from the Democratic victory of Bill Clinton in 1992. After the external threat of Soviet communism had vanished, the increasing democratic deﬁcit of government became
a focus for nationalist fears of creeping socialism and bureaucratic authoritarianism. American patriots were especially concerned when President Clinton began campaigning for tighter gun control in the summer of 1993, and
ﬁrearms purchases were restricted by the Brady Law of February 1994. Fears
of incipient government tyranny fomented conspiracy myths among independent social groups wary of bureaucracy and increased regulation. The increasing pace of federal integration in the European Union, signposted by the
Maastricht Treaty of 1993, fanned similar fears about administrative rule and
a loss of national sovereignty in European states.
On 19 April 1995, the blast of a massive 7,000-pound bomb ripped
through the Alfred P. Murrah Building, a nine-story federal government of-
ﬁce block which housed more than 500 employees in Oklahoma City. Timothy James McVeigh, a twenty-seven-year-old Gulf War veteran, was arrested
two days later and charged with the then worst terrorist atrocity in United
States history, which claimed the lives of 168 people and injured more than
500. McVeigh had earlier ties to the citizens’ militia movement, which began
forming around 1992 to practice weapons training and “survivalism” in remote forests. The militias saw themselves as the defenders of American values
and were opposed to rising taxes, growing government regulation and plans
279for ID cards. Above all, they resisted President Bill Clinton’s attempts to
tighten up America’s gun laws. The right to bear arms (enshrined in the Second Amendment of the Constitution) was regarded as a safeguard for liberty
and an essential deterrent to the abuse of government authority.
Citizens’ militias existed in more than forty states from California to Pennsylvania, with a particular concentration in the North and Midwest. However,
the militias were only the armed wing of a much broader patriot movement,
which included anti-tax protesters, advocates of “sovereign” citizenship (denial of U.S. federal authority), Christian fundamentalists and anti-abortionists, involving perhaps 5 to 12 million people. United by a profound suspicion
of big government and its intentions, their ideology drew on a bizarre range
of conspiracy theories involving hidden elites, banks, secret societies and international organizations. These ideas were fueled by hostility toward the increased levels of federal government interference and regulation under the
Clinton administration. As McVeigh journeyed through the netherworld of
gun clubs, militias and far-right groups, he had absorbed these paranoid fantasies of government’s war against the people. The Oklahoma bombing not
only demonstrated the terrible power of such ideas to motivate murder and
mayhem, but also revealed how widespread such cultic beliefs had become in
1990s America.1
These conspiracy theories revealed secret plots behind everything from
UFOs to gun control, from Freemasonry to AIDS, from CIA mind-control
experiments to the establishment of “one-world government” by the United
Nations. By the early 1990s, conspiracy culture could support a small but fastgrowing sector of the publishing trade. With sales of over half a million
copies,The New World Order(1991) by Pat Robertson, founder of the Christian Broadcasting Network, reveals that the New World Order (NWO) will
eliminate America’s sovereignty with the aid of UN troops. An elite of godless
conspirators is intent on ruling the world, and computer technology and microchips are part of the NWO enslavement plan. Jack McLamb’s Operation
Vampire Killer 2000 (1992) describes how America is to be overrun by foreign
UN troops and turned into a socialist police state. His “vampires” are the
bloodsucking secret elites that are undermining the Constitution, in order to
rule over a racially mixed and docile society. Other favorites were Gary Kah’s
En Route to Global Occupation (1991), detailing the clandestine moves to suspend the Constitition and establish one-world government, and Jeffrey
Baker’s Cheque Mate: The Game of Princes(1993), giving extensive details of
the plans of bankers, corporate leaders and leading families to rule over a
helot world. John Coleman’s Conspirators’ Hierarchy (1992) documents the
Committee of 300, a powerful group of international bankers, industrialists
280 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERand oil magnates intent on world control. Jim Keith’s Secret and Suppressed
(1993) includes chapters on the Jonestown, Guyana, massacre as a CIA mindcontrol effort, on brain implants, AIDS and on secrets from the Pentagon and
the Vatican library. In Psychic Dictatorship U.S.A. (1995), Alex Constantine
gave horriﬁc details of involuntary mind-control experiments by government
agencies in America.
Besides a battery of magazines, including The Free American, USA Patriot
Magazine, Patriot Report and Don McAlvany’s Intelligence Advisor, the conspiracy subculture communicated busily through the Internet and on the airwaves of small independent shortwave and FM radio stations. Anthony J.
Hilder, a broadcaster with Radio Free World in Los Angeles, invoked the terrifying specter of complete governmental control over U.S. citizenry: “You are
the victim! You are the spoils! They want your home, your family, your
mother, your children; they want to inject your children with a number!”
Hilder speaks about UFOs as a ploy of the U.S. Department of Defense,“a crisis creation project,” and the preamble to “a mock invasion designed to panic
the population of the planet into accepting global government upon the ashes
of American sovereignty.” Hilder mentions Adolf Hitler’s call for “One Reich,
One People, One Leader” as a precursor of the New World Order. Just as the
Wall Street bankers earlier ﬁnanced both Nazism and Soviet communism, the
elite’s goal today is a totalitarian slave state of controlled citizens.2
As the leading legal spokesperson of the U.S. militia movement, U.S. attorney Linda D. Thompson had long charted the progress of the encroaching New World Order.3
An early conspiracy convert, she was intensely radicalized after witnessing the siege of the Waco Branch Davidian sect by members of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF). She produced
a video, Waco: The Big Lie (1993–94), which documents the background of
the sect, the legal preparations of the government to justify its assault on the
Waco compound, and the ensuing hostilities from February to April 1993.
Throughout the ﬁlm, the sect is portrayed as the hapless victim of an unprovoked attack, while the BATF recalls the jack-booted stormtroopers of
Nazi times. Summary shootings, gas attacks, and the ﬁnal destruction of
the compound by ﬁre and the death of virtually all inside demonstrated
that “not since the Nazi occupation of Europe were innocent people subjected to such stark, lawless atrocities at the hands of government as those
at Waco.”
Since beginning her investigation of the Waco debacle, Linda Thompson
claimedthatshewassubjecttopursuitandharassmentbyunmarked“blackhelicopters”that hovered over her home and attacked her ofﬁce with an ultrasonic
weapon, debilitating her and her staff. These mysterious “black helicopters”
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 281have since become a staple ingredient of New World Order conspiracy fears,
variously linked to UFOs, UN troop movements across America, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as the cover organization for a
police-state.4
Linda Thompson was also concerned about the construction of
concentration camps across America linked by the railroad system. She identiﬁed one such camp at El Reno near Oklahoma City, which turned out to be
the prison where McVeigh was charged with the bombing of the federal government building.
Timothy McVeigh read widely in patriot literature and was strongly inﬂuenced by its paranoid fantasies concerning federal government totalitarianism and a United Nations takeover. He was deeply preoccupied by the Waco
siege and visited the site twice, during and after the confrontation. According
to witnesses, McVeigh repeatedly viewed the Thompson video and often
talked about a revenge attack on a government building. It is highly signiﬁ-
cant that the Oklahoma City bombing was carried out on the exact anniversary of the Waco siege. McVeigh was also impressed by the nightmare vision
of total citizen control in a satanic social system, with the injection of numbers and the issue of bar codes to individuals. McVeigh even believed he was
himself the victim of a mind-control project, claiming that the federal government had earlier implanted a microchip in his buttocks to monitor and
control him during army service. According to the conspiracy theorists, the
bombing itself was an FBI crisis creation project to panic the population into
further surrender to the government.5
Conspiracy theories have long prevailed on the radical right in America. Following their rediscovery of the notorious English conspiracy theorist Nesta
Webster (1876–1960), the John Birch Society and other right-wing groups
identiﬁed European secret societies and Freemasonry in the eighteenth century as the ferment behind the French Revolution and subsequent challenges
to traditional authority in modern times.6
At the center of these speculations
were the Bavarian Illuminati, a secret society founded at Ingolstadt on 1 May
1776 by a young Jesuit professor, Adam Weishaupt (1748–1830). The social
vision of the founder was rational, egalitarian and anti-clerical. By targeting
existing Masonic lodges for penetration, the order successfully spread its revolutionary ideas through Germany, Austria, Italy and into France. The Illuminati were dramatically exposed when the Bavarian authorities banned the
order, and hundreds of papers and Weishaupt’s letters were seized in 1786. A
ﬂood of confessions, self-justiﬁcations and ofﬁcial protocols ensued. Once
the French Revolution broke out, a mass of circumstantial evidence already
282 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERexisted to link this watershed event of European history with the activities of
secret societies.7
Without the influence of Nesta Webster, it is likely that few Americans
today would have heard of the Illuminati. Due to the re-publication of her
books and the popularization of her ideas among the radical right, the Illuminati became a major theme of American conspiracy literature from the
late 1960s onward. Here, it is widely believed that the Illuminati had a malign influence on the founders of the United States through Benjamin
Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, who are alleged to have been
members. Their influence is alleged to be visible in the occult symbols of
pyramid and eye on the reverse side of America’s Great Seal and on the dollar bill, originally designed by the Founding Fathers.8
The Illuminati even
entered popular culture through such underground classics as The Illuminatus Trilogy (1975) and The Illuminati Papers (1980) by Robert Anton
Wilson. By the 1980s, the pre-revolutionary Illuminati of Bavaria had
metamorphosed into supranational insiders bent on controling all national
money systems and governments.9
From the 1970s onward, revelations about Jewish banking families, the
American ruling class, and the secret goals of private and state agencies created a ﬂood of books on conspiracy-theory for right-wing fundamentalist
readerships. Gary Allen’s book, None Dare Call It Conspiracy (1971), discussed the Rothschilds, the Warburgs and the Federal Reserve banking system before pinpointing the Council on Foreign Relations, a private foreign
policy think-tank founded in 1921, as the prime mover for an unelected
world government. Des Grifﬁn, another leading American conspiracy theorist, traced the Illuminati up to Cecil Rhodes, the Round Table and the Rockefeller family in his highly inﬂuential book, Fourth Reich of the Rich (1976).
These ideas were extended through new combinations in the books, bulletins
and periodicals of conspiracy buffs. The National Security Agency, Central
Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation and Inland Revenue Service were obvious targets. More attention was paid to the idea of elites behind the scenes, with exposés of the Council on Foreign Relations and the
Trilateral Commission and their interlocking memberships with the boards
of the Federal Reserve, leading energy companies, industrial multinationals,
banks, media groups and top personnel in government departments and
academe. The prestigious Bilderberg Group under the chairmanship of
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, which has been convening discreet international conferences for policymakers and industrialists from America
and Europe since 1954, is another object of deep suspicion. According to
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 283conspiracy theorists, the covert aim of all these secret elites is a “New World
Order” that will manipulate and control the whole of mankind.10
In the early 1990s, the doyen of U.S. conspiracy cults was Milton William
Cooper of St. Johns, Arizona, who wrote a compendium for the conspiracymillenarian movement with the apocalyptic title Behold a Pale Horse(1991).
Bill Cooper was born in 1943, the son of an airforce ofﬁcer, and grew up at
various overseas postings. After leaving secondary school in Japan in 1961, he
joined the United States Air Force, later transferring to the navy in 1965.
While serving on a submarine in the Paciﬁc, Cooper had his ﬁrst sighting of
an enormous ﬂying saucer, which emerged from the ocean and ﬂew into the
clouds. Although the saucer was repeatedly seen by other crew members and
ofﬁcers, Cooper alone was allegedly threatened with imprisonment for any
future disclosure of what he had seen. From 1968 onward, he was assigned to
Naval Intelligence with a high security clearance. Here he discovered the existence of a high-level conspiracy against the citizens of the United States. He
was convinced that Naval Intelligence had participated in the assassination of
John F. Kennedy, and by 1972 he had amassed disturbing classiﬁed information on UFOs, the navy, the secret government, the coming ice age, Project
Galileo, and the plan for the New World Order.11
Following his honorable discharge in 1975, Cooper attempted to leak this
kind of information to the press. He claims that the hidden powers were quick
to suppress him. His car was forced off a cliff in California by a black limousine, after which two men climbed down to the wreckage. As one bent to feel
his carotid pulse, the other asked if he was dead. When the ﬁrst replied that he
soon would be, the other expressed satisafaction that the job was done. A
month later, Cooper was forced into another accident by the same mysterious
car. This time he lost a leg. He was visited in hospital by two men who threatened him with a ﬁnal accident if he persisted in trying to publicize secret information. Combined with his shocking discoveries of covert actions on the
part of the military and the government, these near-fatal encounters utterly
convinced Cooper of the realities of global conspiracy and cover-up. While
continuing to collect material, he determined to expose the truth of this plan
to enslave mankind in a New World Order. This intention was realized by the
publication of his book, described by Cooper as “closer to that truth than anything previously written.”12
Behold a Pale Horseis a chaotic farrago of conspiracy myths interspersed
with reprints of executive laws, ofﬁcial papers, reports and other extraneous
materials designed to show the looming prospect of a world government imposed on the American people against their wishes and in ﬂagrant contempt
284 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERof the Constitution. The ﬁrst chapter comprises an allegedly secret government memorandum entitled “Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars.” First discovered in an IBM copier at a surplus sale in July 1986, this document has become a hot favorite among the conspiracy cults. Here we learn that the elite
decided in 1954 to exploit operations research, computer technology and ﬁ-
nance to model a wholly predictable and manipulable society in order to
transfer wealth from the undisciplined and irresponsible many to the worthy
and intelligent few. Inferior mass education would keep the people undisciplined and ignorant, while the trivial concerns of media and banal entertainments would render them confused, disorganized and distracted. The piece is
written in a technical jargon that likens social and economic engineering to
electronics to suggest that all individuals in a society can ultimately be programmed, for “people who will not use their intelligence are no better than
animals [without] intelligence. Such people are beasts of burden and steaks
on the table by choice and consent.”13
Bill Cooper identiﬁes the document as a formal declaration of war by the
Illuminati against the citizens of the United States. He asserts that peaceful
citizens are justiﬁed in taking any measures, including violence, to identify,
counterattack and destroy the enemy.14 The second chapter, “Secret Societies
and the New World Order,” represents Cooper’s own investigations and re-
ﬂections on the global plot against independence and liberty. The roots of the
Illuminati conspiracy are traced to an ancient Brotherhood of the Snake and
thence through the Templars and the Freemasons. Cooper believes that most
modern secret societies are really one society with a single purpose. A monolithic conspiracy to enslave mankind is masked by their apparent variety and
plurality:
The Order of the Quest, the JASON Society, the Roshaniya, the Qabbalah, the
Knights Templar, the Knights of Malta, the Knights of Columbus, the Jesuits,
the Masons, the Ancient and Mystical Order of the Rosae Crucis, the Illuminati, the Nazi Party, the Communist Party, the Executive Members of the
Council on Foreign Relations, The Group, the Brotherhood of the Dragon, the
Rosicrucians, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Trilateral Commission, the Bilderberg Group, the Vatican, the Russell Trust, the Skull &
Bones, the Scroll & Key [secret societies of Harvard and Yale Universities], the
Order are all the same and work towards the same ultimate goal of a New
World Order.15
Cooper’s obsessive analysis of these groups, both imaginary and real, piles
detail upon detail to suggest the awesome power of interlocking elites across
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 285the world. Following Gary Allen’s lead, pride of place is accorded to the Council on Foreign Relations and the Bilderberg Group. According to Cooper, the
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) controls the U.S. government. Its members have inﬁltrated the entire executive branch, State Department, Justice
Department, the CIA and the top ranks of the military. Every director of the
CIA and also most presidents since Roosevelt have been members of the CFR.
Most top American journalists and press barons are members of the CFR.
With traditional nativist American distrust of Britain, Cooper traces the CFR
to the Royal Institute of International Affairs; he is also deeply suspicious of
Oxford University and All Souls College. However, in his opinion, the most
powerful secret organization in the world is the Bilderberg Group, whose
three committees comprise members drawn from the Illuminati, the Freemasons, the Vatican and the old aristocratic families of Europe: “These are the
men who REALLY rule the world.”16
Cooper attaches Illuminati signiﬁcance to the numbers 3, 7, 9, 11, 13 and
39. He ﬁnds these repeated in the number of articles of the U.S. Constitution,
the original number of states, the number of members of the Constitutional
Convention and the date of the Declaration of Independence. He detects further cabalistic evidence of Illuminati inﬂuence on the foundation of the
United States in the Great Seal. The all-seeing eye in the pyramid represents
Lucifer and is also the ancient symbol of the Brotherhood of the Snake. The
motto “Novus Ordo Seclorum” betrays the project of the Illuminati for a New
World Order, while the incidence of 13 in the number of leaves in the olive
branches, the bars and stripes, the arrows, the letters in “E pluribus unum,”
the stars in the green crest, the stones in the pyramid and the letters in “Annuit Coeptis” indicate the signature of this most powerful of all secret societies. Worst of all, he also discovers that these numbers are repeated in the
three groups of thirteen members in the committee structure of the Bilderberg Group, thus proving beyond all doubt its Illuminati inspiration.17
Cooper ﬁnds extensive evidence of the U.S. government’s plans to impose
totalitarian socialism in the abuse of presidential powers. He alleges that
much legislation is introduced by the executive power through secret National Security Decision Directives that are neither reported nor made available to the public. By means of these “secret laws,” the president (then George
Bush) assumes the power to initiate covert actions, declare war, combat terrorism and suspend the Constitution in a state of emergency without reference to Congress.18Cooper passes on to the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), which in any national emergency is authorized to assume
control of the media, food, energy and transportation, while mobilizing all
citizens into work brigades under government supervision. William R. Pabst
286 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERof Houston supplies a paranoid report on the Department of Defense’s plans
for a total takeover, on the police state, and details the location of a dozen concentration camps already established for the detention of political prisoners.
“When your family is split up and spread across the United States to do slave
labor and you never see your loved ones again, it will be your fault because
you did nothing to prevent it.”19
The ruling elite believes that only covert and totalitarian government can
solve the problems of the age. Apparently, their paramount concern is overpopulation. In order to control population growth, the U.S. government continues to wage war on its own citizens through the introduction of diseases,
harmful chemicals and radioactive substances among the population. The
ruling elite speciﬁcally decided to target undesirable elements of society, including Negroes, Hispanics and homosexuals. The smallpox vaccine was introduced to Africa in order to decimate the black population. The hepatitis B
vaccine was used to infect the U.S. population. The AIDS virus is a government weapon; tobacco ﬁelds are dusted with nuclear wastes to induce lung
cancer; dioxin and other pollutants proliferate in the face of ofﬁcial denials.20
A secret federal installation known as Mount Weather near Bluemont, Virginia, is described as an underground city for the shadow government-inwaiting, ready at any moment to take over the United States in a self-proclaimed emergency. Patriots, nationalists and right-wing groups are the primary targets of these repressive measures. Cooper warns patriots of their
impending roundup and advises all right-thinking men to stay away from
their homes over holiday periods (when arrests are presumably made).21
UFOs and extraterrestrials play an apocalyptic part in William Cooper’s
conspiracy cult. Alien spacecraft are alleged to have visited the United States
with increasing frequency between early 1947 and the end of 1952. Crashed
UFOs, dead and live aliens were recovered at Roswell in New Mexico and elsewhere and studied by top scientists under USAF and CIA auspices, while a
massive security blanket, confused rumors and disinformation still keep the
public in ignorance. Cooper appears to believe that the extraterrestrial humanoids came to Earth in search of genetic material to bolster their own declining species. President Eisenhower is supposed to have met the aliens ofﬁ-
cially in February 1954, and a formal treaty was signed between them and the
U.S. government: in exchange for their advanced technology, the aliens were
granted permission to abduct and examine limited numbers of humans for
their genetic project. All covert state relations with the aliens are subject to a
committee known as MAJESTIC-12, whose secret brieﬁngs Cooper allegedly
read as an intelligence ofﬁcer with the U.S. Paciﬁc Fleet in the early 1970s.
Huge joint alien-government airbases for ﬂying saucers were secretly licensed
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 287at Dreamland or Area 51 near Rachel in the Nevada desert.22Area 51 has since
become a prime destination for both ufologists and conspiracy cultists. Anthony Hilder has recorded an audiotape, The Panic Project, about UFOs stationed at the Dreamland base.23 The ruling elite has secretly allied itself with
extraterrestrials against the rest of the human population.
Bill Cooper’s millenarianism is quite literal. By the year 2000, secret government measures against the people will escalate into overt hostilities. At the
same time, the UFOs and extraterrestrial presence will be ofﬁcially revealed as
a kind of Second Coming. A spacecraft called Galileo, presently on its way to
Jupiter, will deliver a plutonium payload into the heart of the giant planet,
generating an atomic reaction and the birth of a new star, which is to be called
Lucifer. A massive program of media manipulation will interpret this phenomenon as a sign of immense religious signiﬁcance. The whole world will
expect the fulﬁllment of ancient prophecy. At this point, a vault containing
the ancient records of Earth will be opened at the Great Pyramid of Cheops
in Egypt, where George Bush will be present for an occult celebration of the
millennium and proclamation of the New World Order.24
Bill Cooper is motivated by an anarcho-libertarian spirit of rebellion
against a government he identiﬁes as unconstitutional, criminal and despotic.
The same applies to Anthony J. Hilder, Linda Thompson and many other
spokespersons of the U.S. conspiracy-millenarian cults. Given that the cults
frequently identify German National Socialism inter alia as a precursor of the
New World Order, one may wonder what any of this has to do with esoteric
Nazism. The answer lies in the cults’ obsession with secrecy and conspiracy.
By declaring war on a secret ruling elite that enslaves innocent people, the
conspiracy theorists invoke a lethal projection. The elite is identiﬁed as totalitarian, anti-democratic, contemptuous of the people; the people are portrayed as helpless, unsuspecting victims of vicious plots, alien abductions, implantations and all manner of personal violations. The accusation of such an
awful occult tyranny vindicates a corresponding explosion of violence to demolish the massive ediﬁce of lies, deception and oppression. The formerly
docile victims are justiﬁed in ﬁghting and destroying the elite by any means
necessary. Covert actions, violence, terrorism—all the means the elite stand
accused of employing themselves—are permitted to the victims as well so
they may exterminate the conspirators and recover their lost autonomy.
The close psychological parallels between the U.S. conspiracy cults and
Nazi patterns of thought become obvious when one ﬁnds that a complete
reprint of the Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion forms the ﬁfteenth chapter of
Behold a Pale Horse. The text is taken from the ﬁrst English-language edition,
translated by Victor E. Marsden, which was originally published by the
288 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERBritons Publishing Society, a notorious anti-Semitic group, in 1921. Although
Cooper quotes Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1743–1812) as saying, “Give me
control over a nation’s currency, and I care not who makes its laws,” he does
not attribute the Protocols exclusively to a Jewish world conspiracy. He suggests that any reference to the “Jews” as the conspirators should be replaced
with the word “Illuminati,” while the word “Goyim” denoting the Gentile
dupes and victims should be read as “cattle”—the preferred term of contempt
for honest but naive people.
Despite their late-nineteenth-century prose, many of the Protocols offer
disturbing evidence of the conspiracy cultists’ fears and anxieties about secret
government and the New World Order. The Jews (Illuminati) create ferments,
discords and hostility between states to increase their indebtedness and provoke wars against their opponents (Protocol 7): hence constant minor wars
since 1945. The Jews (Illuminati) aim to bewilder public opinion through
contradiction (Protocol 5); the Jews (Illuminati) will distract the masses from
their real objects with amusements, games, pastimes, passions, people’s
palaces (Protocol 13). These strategies reﬂect the artiﬁcial party-politics and
futile consumerism of the present. The Jews (Illuminati) will appoint a puppet ruler from among their slaves. He will have the right to propose emergency laws, to vary the constitution and declare a state of war (Protocol 10):
hence the National Security Decision directives and the mobilization of
FEMA to establish a police state. The Jews [Illuminati] shall create an intensiﬁed centralization of government in order to control all mankind (Protocol
15): hence the New World Order.
Conspiracy theories always ﬂourish when people feel excluded from the
political process. The worldwide growth of big government, the rise of a political class, and the widening gap between elites and electorates all work to
stimulate conspiracy beliefs. The new American vogue in conspiracy beliefs
rapidly found audiences in Europe, due to the advancing integration of the
European Union and its federal institutions in the 1990s. In particular, the “alternative” movement, with its suspicion of powerful government, big business, and orthodox medicine has proved susceptible to conspiracy theories.
The magazine Nexus(not to be confused with The Nexus of Kerry Bolton), a
major success on the New Age scene, offers striking proof of this trend.
Founded in Australia in 1990 and now commercially distributed in both the
United States and Britain, it already claims a worldwide readership of more
than 130,000. Nexus offers a fascinating mixture of “prophecies, UFOs, Big
Brother, the unexplained, suppressed technology, hidden history and more.”
Articles on macrobiotic cooking, aromatherapy and the ozone hole jostle
with exposés on ﬂuoride treatment of water, CIA mind-control experiments
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 289and pharmaceutical drug rackets. Here it is already noticeable how alternative
concerns with health, environment and right livelihood are tinged with fears
and anxieties about secret abuses and government plots.
Nexus is also a propaganda journal for the concerns and conspiracy theories of the U.S. militias. Earlier issues have included a call by Linda Thompson for a march on Washington to arraign congressmen for treason. She demanded that militia members wear insignia and be armed, in order to be
treated as prisoners of war. Her video on the Waco siege, which allegedly in-
ﬂuenced McVeigh, was distributed by Nexusin Europe. In June 1994 the magazine published an in-depth analysis of the ﬁlm and a prophetic review:
“There is a very big underground movement building up in the United States
at the moment. Every night somewhere in the USA, someone is showing this
video to a bunch of friends. Nobody remains unaffected after seeing it. It is
contagious, so beware!”25 Nexus also published an article on FEMA by Linda
Thompson. Here she dilated on the black helicopter trafﬁc and the wideranging responsibilities of FEMA in the case of an emergency. However, she
states that only 6 percent of the FEMA budget is spent on emergency management; the bulk of its funding is used to construct secret underground government facilities and new detention centers. She lists fourteen executive orders authorizing FEMA to take over all aspects of civilian life once the Constitution is suspended.26
Mark Koernke, a senior member of the Michigan Militia, has also written
for Nexus on America’s secret police forces. Claiming a background in military intelligence and command experience in special warfare units,27Koernke
brings apparent authority to his account of FEMA, MJTF (Multi Jurisdictional Task Force) and FINCEN (Financial Crime Enforcement Network) and
their widespread deployment around the United States for search and seizure;
separation and categorization of men, women and children; and transfer to
detention camps. Koernke asserts that these special forces use street gangs and
thugs as law enforcement agents; UN and foreign military personnel are deployed across the country pending the declaration of an emergency; the government anti-gun and drugs campaigns and actions are a foretaste of the general mobilization against the populace.28 The BBC television program
Panorama showed a ﬁlm of Koernke gloating at the prospect of lynching
politicians. After the Oklahoma bombing, he was sought by the FBI and went
on the run before being questioned and released.
In Britain, David Icke, the former professional soccer player and TV sports
presenter, achieved star status in the New Age movement with the publication
of his book The Robots’ Rebellion (1994). Here he praised Nexus as incomparable and excellent for its provision of “hard-to-get information on the trans-
290 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERformative changes in society.” His book combines an anti-elitist, ecological
and spiritual gospel with the complete battery of far-right conspiracy theories
and militia concerns: secret societies and Freemasons, banking and hidden
elites, the New World Order, microchip mind control, extraterrestrials and
gun control. He has also resurrected the Protocols of the Elders of Zionwith an
extensive quotation of each protocol and a commentary on how its terrible
plans have been realized in current political developments. Icke recognizes
that Hitler used the Protocolsto incite anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany, but his
belief in their authenticity is unassailable: “Just because Hitler used knowledge for negative reasons doesn’t reﬂect on the knowledge itself.” Moreover,
Icke notes the irony that “Hitler and the nazis were brought to power by the
very Brotherhood plan which the Protocolsso powerfully predicted.”29 Icke’s
speaking tours take him to all major U.K. cities. The Robots’ Rebellion went
through its third reprint before it had been out a full year, and he appeared at
the October 1994 Nexus conference in Amsterdam, which also featured militia leader Linda Thompson.
While preaching a spiritual message of global love and enlightenment,The
Robots’ Rebellion repeats the familiar beliefs and paranoid clichés of the U.S.
conspiracy cults. The American Federal Reserve was a creation of the Illuminati. The Brotherhood elite (Icke’s alternative term for the Illuminati) includes the Rothschild and Rockefeller empires. It has six front organizations,
namely the Council on Foreign Relations, the Trilateral Commission, the
Club of Rome, the Bilderberg Group, the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the United Nations. The aim of the Illuminati is the introduction of
a world government to which every continent would be subject. John F.
Kennedy was assassinated because he opposed the Brotherhood’s critical interests: the CIA, the Federal Reserve and the Vietnam war. The American Gun
Control Act of 1968 is word for word the Nazi gun control law of 1938. Humans are to be bar-coded, in order to be “read” at supermarkets and banks.
There are passages on FEMA, MJTF, FINCEN and the role of extraterrestrials. Icke quarries much of his material on the New World Order from Bill
Cooper and expressly acknowledges Behold a Pale Horse as his source.30
It is clear from Icke’s book that he is a transmitter of this information
rather than its originator. Throughout the process of his spiritual awakening,
Icke feels “[he is] being guided to an area of knowledge that needs to be made
public.” This is particularly true in the case of the New World Order. With disarming honesty he admits that he had only vaguely heard of this term until,
over a period of three weeks, all the information about it in his book was put
into his hands by a variety of different people. “Those on the higher levels
who are guiding me wanted this information put in the book, and made
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 291available to the public.”31 Who is then guiding Icke and his New Age following toward the beliefs of the millenarian-conspiracy cults? How does Icke
come to be quoting extensive excerpts from Bill Cooper and U.S. militia
sources? Who are the people who put this information into his hands? Recent
investigations by Matthew Kalman and John Murray of Open Eye magazine
suggest that far-right and neo-Nazi groups are pursuing a strategy of entryism by targeting the credulous Icke for the dissemination of their own ideas
within the Green and New Age milieus.
The London-based New Age magazine Rainbow Ark maintains a close and
inﬂuential relationship with Icke. It has printed conspiracy excerpts from Icke
and also helped to organize his lectures and meetings. The magazine also betrays a surprising range of far-right supporters and links. These include its
former landlord, Mary Stanton, a British-Israelite; Anthony Chevasse, a promoter of C. H. Douglas’s Social Credit movement; and Donald Martin, the
anti-Semitic publisher of Bloomﬁeld Books and leader of the British League
of Rights. Martin has a long record of running ultra-right groups, including
the British Federation for European Freedom and the U.K. arm of the World
Anti-Communist League. British National Party leader John Tyndall regards
Martin and his organizations as allies in opposing the immigration of alien
peoples, and Martin has published in Tyndall’s magazine, Spearhead. The editor of Rainbow Ark has steered Icke toward meetings with militant U.S. patriots, organized public meetings on conspiracy theories and rebellion and
recommended Bloomﬁeld Books for information. The same editor has also
boasted of their manipulation of Icke’s interests.“Icke’s not ready for this yet,”
he commented on a spoof document entitled Further Protocols with outlandish plans of “secret Zionism” for the “Goyim.”32
The far-right links of Nexus have been exposed in Australia in the wake of
its articles on the U.S. militias. Formerly a Green alternative magazine with an
interest in New Age, health and Third World issues, Nexus took up the present line under its new editor, Duncan M. Roads. Roads visited Qadafﬁ in
Libya in 1989 and is a close friend of the right-wing Libyaphile Robert Pash.
A convert to Islam, Pash has tried to forge a link between the extreme right
and left in Australia. In the late 1970s he was the Australian contact for the
U.S.-based Aryan Nations and distributed Ku Klux Klan material. In the late
1980s he was the Australian distributor for Qadafﬁ’s Green Book and helped
the “Political Soldier” faction of the National Front in Britain make top-level
contact with the Libyan regime.33As chairman of the Australian Peoples Congress, Pash is also closely involved with the Australian League of Rights, the
ultra-right anti-Semitic organization, which Donald Martin represents in
Britain. Among Pash’s other introductions to Libya is John Bennett, historical
292 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERrevisionist and president of the Australian Civil Liberties Union. Bennett is an
associate of David Irving and Willis Carto; he serves on the editorial committee ofJournal of Historical Review, which is concerned with Holocaust denial.
Nexus’s British agent is also a devotee of the Protocols, an admirer of David
Irving and he denies the existence of gas chambers in Auschwitz.
The impact of American conspiracy beliefs has been even more dramatic
in Germany, where the Protocols enter a discourse of Nazi occult societies, extraterrestrial aliens and time travel. In 1993 Jan van Helsing published
Geheimgesellschaften und ihre Macht im 20. Jahrhundert[Secret Societies and
Their Power in the Twentieth Century], backed by a massive publicity campaign in esoteric magazines. The book quickly proved to be a best-seller, selling over 100,000 copies in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, with translations into English and French. Jan Udo Holey, the author, was born at
Dinkelsbühl, Bavaria, in 1967. He had been a punk rocker, an anti-fascist activist and traveled on all ﬁve continents. Most recently, he had qualiﬁed in
complementary medicine. For his debut as a conspiracy theorist, he had chosen a pseudonym with symbolic meaning. Professor van Helsing is the vampire hunter in Bram Stoker’s famous novel, Dracula. Like Jack McLamb, the
U.S. patriot author of Operation Vampire Killer 2000, Jan van Helsing sets out
to expose the bloodsuckers behind the scenes. He identiﬁes these archenemies
of mankind as the Illuminati, a secret worldwide lodge, which oppresses states
and ordinary people through wars and economic enslavement. However,
Helsing’s apparent concern for humanity and New Age ethos mask anti-Semitic motives.34
Helsing traces the origin of the conspiracy against mankind back to
300,000 b.c., when a Brotherhood of the Snake arose in Mesopotamia. High
initiates first appeared in Germany during the fourteenth century, when
they were known as Illuminati. Helsing finds the modern roots of the conspiracy in 1773, when Mayer Amschel Rothschild met twelve wealthy Jews
(the Elders of Zion) at a secret meeting in Frankfurt. Here they devised a
plan to control the entire wealth of the world. Helsing then reprints theProtocols of the Elders of Zion with extensive reference to Bill Cooper’s comments on their current plausibility.35 The Rothschild bank commissioned
“the Bavarian Jew” Adam Weishaupt to found the secret order of the Bavarian Illuminati, which taught the “New Testament of Satan” and swiftly recruited leading figures in finance and industry. As the sworn enemies of
monarchy and the Church, the Illuminati made a pact with the Freemasons
to work for a “New World Order” through the American and French Revolutions. The First World War was engineered to bring Russia under Illuminati
control; the Second World War exploited “differences of opinion between
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 293German nationalists and political Zionists” to expand the Russian sphere of
influence and legitimize the state of Israel; the Third World War will lead
mankind to embrace the “Luciferic doctrine.”36
Helsing’s breathless survey of Illuminati progress through the ages is extensively sourced from Gary Allen, Des Grifﬁn and Anthony C. Sutton. Short
chapters on Freemasonry in America, the City of London, the Russian Revolution, and the Federal Reserve pile up alarming details of Jewish ownership
and control behind the scenes. Zionism calls the tune to which the powers
dance. The Rothschilds were behind the British declaration in support of a
national Jewish home and the United States’ entry into the First World War.
In 1919 Rothschild agents Colonel House and Bernard Baruch attended the
Versailles peace conference, which gave birth to the Rockefeller-controlled
Council on Foreign Relations,“the most inﬂuential background organization
in the USA today.” During the 1920s the Dawes and Young Plans were instigated by Jewish and American interests to facilitate German reparations but
their monopoly capital served only to build up the German arms industry.
Despite his confused account, Helsing reassures the reader that “everything
was planned down to the last detail . . . but only the Insiders knew.”37
Turning to National Socialism and the Third Reich, Helsing borrows heavily from Jürgen-Ratthofer’s Das Vril-Projektwith its fantastic account of links
between the Thule Society, the Vril Society and extraterrestrial intelligences.
Sebottendorff learned from the Gnostic Marcionite Templars that a world
transformation was imminent according to the movement of the zodiac
around the Black Sun. The Kingdom of God would be taken from the Jews
and given to the Germans. According to the Thule Society, the Old Testament
god, El Shaddai, commanded the Jews “to make hell on earth,” which is why
the world is always consumed by war and conﬂict. The Thule Society, Helsing
claims, knew all about the Jewish world conspiracy and the Protocols. As the
forerunner of the Nazi Party and the SS, the Thule pledged itself to ﬁghting
the Jewish banks and lodges and creating a “realm of light” on earth. According to the Babylonian revelation of Isais, Thule initiates believed in the coming of a messiah, the “Third Sargon,” who would restore Germany to greatness with a new Aryan culture. Helsing adds further colorful passages on
Hitler’s search for the subterranean realm of Agarthi in order to make contact
with the heirs of the Aryan aliens from Aldebaran-Hyperborea.38
Helsing expands on Karl Haushofer’s links with Tibet before claiming that
the SS and its inner Black Sun circle was a religious order, dedicated to the
practical realization of the Thule Society’s esoteric ideas. “Countless young
men were trained by the Black Sun at the Wewelsburg and sent to Tibet, where
294 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERthey are preparing for Armageddon at the end of this century.” At this point,
Helsing dilates on the Vril Society’s telepathic contacts with the aliens in the
solar system of Aldebaran, sixty-eight light-years distant from earth in the
constellation of Taurus. The extraterrestrials reveal that their master race of
fair god-men began colonizing other planetary systems over 500 million years
ago. Within our own system, they settled on Mallona (now forming the asteroid belt), Mars (as evidenced by the great pyramids and the Face at Cydonia),
and on earth in Mesopotamia, where they formed the ruling caste of the
Sumerians. Similiarities between the Aldebaran-Sumerian and German languages attest to the extraterrestrial origins of the Aryan Germans. Aided by
the Aldebarans, the Vril Society built a time machine on anti-gravitational
principles. This technology led to the amazing German ﬂying saucers of the
Haunebu and Vril classes built under SS auspices.39
Helsing’s postwar account closely follows Des Grifﬁn’s bestselling Descent
into Slavery (1980), which documents how the power-crazed Internationalists
are steering all nations toward social and ﬁnancial ruin in preparation for
their ultimate absorption into a worldwide dictatorship. Unsurprisingly, we
learn that only Illuminati elites beneﬁted from World War II, but Helsing introduces a revisionist theme. He reproduces familiar neo-Nazi material about
the 1933 Jewish declaration of war on Germany, Polish provocations, and the
Morgenthau plan to pastoralize a defeated Germany.40 He alleges that German and Japanese offers of peace were systematically ignored so that both
countries could be reduced to rubble. The resulting destruction created enormous investment opportunities, and global reorganization signposted the
New World Order.41 Helsing’s account of Germany’s postwar experience in
this process of internationalization is strongly nationalist. Under the guise of
democracy and liberalism, the Illuminati planned the denationalization and
moral degradation of Germany. Postwar “reeducation” (democratic and liberal instruction) to de-Nazify German attitudes and institutions defamed a
parental generation, encouraged youth revolt and fostered moral relativism.
Egoism, consumerism, and the neglect of history in the school curriculum
has created a German youth ignorant of their past.42
Page after page addresses controlled media, newspapers and parapsychological methods of indoctrinating civilian populations. Helsing supplies
membership lists of his key Illuminati organizations, including the Committee of 300, Council on Foreign Relations, Skull & Bones, the Round Table, the
Bilderbergs, the Trilateral Commission, the Club of Rome, and the United Nations Organisation (UNO). At their apex stands the Rothschild family. Seals
and symbols of organizations and companies are analyzed numerologically to
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 295ﬁnd evidence of Illuminati direction. The links of the United Nations with
the Rockefeller family and the CFR evidently indicate its strategic importance in the constantly overlapping elites behind the plan for world domination. The Knights of Jerusalem are close to the English royal family—here
Helsing uses John Coleman’s Conspirators’ Hierarchy—and supply the leadership of the Committee of 300, whose innermost circle is the Order of the
Garter. Circles within circles and names are named: for instance, Lord Carrington, former British foreign secretary, is a Garter Knight, head of NATO,
and chairman of the Bilderbergers.43
In 1995 Helsing published Geheimgesellschaften 2 in the form of extended
responses to interview questions. Here he denies the charge of anti-Semitism,
claiming Jewish friends and colleagues, before making the disingenuous distinction between Semitic Hebrews and Ashkenazi Jews or Khazars, who are
his real antagonists in the persons of Rothschilds, Warburgs, the English royal
family (!), Marx, Lenin, Stalin, etc. This ploy recapitulates the progressive disqualiﬁcation of Jews from their Israelite heritage in Christian Identity doctrine. He then reprints several pages of Dr. Johannes Pohl’s vicious translation
of the Talmud that was published by the Nazi Party in 1943 as anti-Semitic
propaganda.44 On the Protocols, Helsing simply denies that their authenticity
is an important issue: they exist and they are being applied. To complete his
anti-Jewish rotomontade, he reveals that former Chancellor Helmut Kohl was
born Henoch Kohn and shows how George Soros is ruining East European
economies through his liberal economic writ.45Helsing’s dubious sources, his
constant repetition of Jewish names as members of private and public organizations, and above all his emphasis on the assets and powerbroking inﬂuence
of the Rothschilds as the top Illuminati family leave no doubt that his conspiracy theories are aimed at Jewish targets.
Helsing’s breathless search for conspirators continues among the “Black
Nobility”—the aristocratic and royal families of Europe. Given their landowning interests, they are supposed to be working to create a new feudalism
through deindustrialization and the reduction of the human population.46
This leads to the Club of Rome, described by Helsing as a secret Rockefeller
circle founded at the private Rockefeller foundation in Bellagio, Italy. Its
membership comprises the oldest European families of the Black Nobility
and top Illuminati families in America, all dedicated to a world government
run by the elite.47 In order to reduce the population, Club of Rome founder
Dr. Aurellio Peccei, former chairman of Fiat, proposed the secret introduction
of an epidemic. Helsing copies Bill Cooper’s account of how the AIDS virus
was artiﬁcially produced for this purpose at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The
296 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERvirus was introduced to the African population under cover of a WHO pox
vaccination program in 1977 before being used to target “undesirable” groups
in the United States such as blacks, Hispanics and homosexuals from 1978
onwards.48 Helsing knows Bill Cooper personally and also reprints his entire
account of the MAJESTIC-12 material and secret U.S. government treaties
with evil aliens. The CFR and Trilateral Commission have complete control
over alien technology as well as the economy. This joint human/alien power
structure aims at the enslavement of the human race.49
Helsing’s Illuminati-Jewish world conspiracy is extensively borrowed from
the American patriot movement, but is applied to German nationalist concerns. He argues that this cosmic plot can be foiled only by a restoration of the
German Reich. Helsing quotes Mattern and Landig’s accounts of the Antarctic “phantom convoy” and the fruitless American attempts to subdue the
Germans on Antarctica in 1947 and 1958. Helsing repeats the neo-Nazi adage
that the German Reich did not capitulate, but only the German armed forces
under Grand Admiral Dönitz. The German Reich is still legally in existence
and the present regimes of Poland, Austria and the German Federal Republic
are merely provisional governments. The German Reich presently controls
huge areas of sovereign territory in Antarctica and the San Carlos de Bariloche province of Argentina. Helsing also claims contacts with members of
the Black Sun. One such interviewee was allegedly born in Neuschwabenland
and lives today with three million other Reich Germans in a subterranean
city. Further bases exist on the Canaries, in the Bermuda Triangle and in the
Himalayas. In all, the Reich Germans today have a standing army of 6 million
soldiers, including immigrant Aldebarans, and an armada of 22,000 ﬂying
saucers. This “Third Power” may prove mankind’s only defense against Illuminati enslavement.50
Helsing regards the United Nations intervention in Iraq and the ensuing Gulf War as another major instance of the Illuminati offensive against
any remaining opposition to its New World Order. As “the Germans of the
Orient,” the Iraqis are long-standing allies of the German Reich, which
built the country’s defenses and maintains flying saucer bases there. Sustained UN air attacks against Basra and Nedschef had the main purpose of
destroying German saucer bases. It is no accident that Helsing should admire fundamentalist and pariah states that pursue the politics of identity
with ethnic cleansing against national minorities (e.g., Iraq, Serbia), as
these states have no stake in a global economic order of liberal capitalist
states under American hegemony. In fact, Helsing praises Iraq for its educational, welfare provision and other achievements under a “fascist” social
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 297system. Iraq is a major regional power posing a major threat to Illuminati
goals in the Middle East. Helsing extols Saddam Hussein as the “new
Hitler” who is far more beloved by his people than any career politician in
the democracies.51
Helsing presents anti-Semitism and German nationalism within a wholly
novel discourse of aliens, free energy, time travel, and New Age religion. He
quotes the free-energy books of Nikola Tesla and David Hatcher Childress.
Helsing is also especially interested in the Montauk Project, a literary invention of Preston B. Nichols, Peter Moon and Alfred Bielek. These American authors have developed a series of time-travel books on the basis of the
“Philadelphia Experiment.” The latter concerns a destroyer, USS Eldridge, said
to have disappeared in August 1943 from its dock in the Philadelphia Naval
Yard for several minutes, materialized at Norfolk 250 miles away, and then
reappeared in Philadelphia through the practical application of Einstein’s
uniﬁed ﬁeld theory.52 In 1989, Alfred Bielek introduced himself at Timothy
Beckley Green’s UFO–New Age conference in Phoenix, Arizona, as a surviving crewman of the experimental ship. His account involved two parallel biographies in time. His story was quickly taken up by Beckley Green’s Inner
Light Publications, which publishes books by himself, Brad Steiger and Commander X on UFOs, alien earth bases and secret government cover-ups.53
From 1992 onward, Nichols and Moon authored a series of books about
an imaginary research program at Montauk Point, Long Island, between 1969
and 1983 for investigating mind control techniques. Subsequent discoveries
in telepathy and interdimensional transfer led to the manipulation of time
and matter. Eventually, a time travel vortex was opened back to 1943 and to
the original Philadelphia Experiment.54 This sensational interface between
secret research, ofﬁcial suppression and alternative realities ﬁt perfectly with
Helsing’s wonderland of cosmic conspiracy. Following his ﬁrst meeting with
Bill Cooper in Hawaii, Helsing attended Timothy Beckley Green’s 1991 conference in Phoenix, where he met Alfred Bielek and was deeply moved by his
account of time travel. Following the publication of The Montauk Project
(1992), Helsing acquired the German publication rights and met Peter Moon
and Duncan Cameron, another alleged survivor of the Philadelphia Experiment. Helsing became close friends with this circle, who claim United Nations
Organization (UNO) and Rockefeller agents have threatened them with
death unless they keep silent. Undeterred, Peter Moon has now extended the
Montauk mythology with Nazi and Tibetan connections based on Helsing’s
information about the Thule Society and the Black Sun.55
By presenting secret societies and Jewish world conspiracy as an extraterrestrial struggle over the destiny of our planet, Helsing succeeds in reaching a
298 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERNew Age readership with his Manichaean anti-Semitism. For example, more
than sixty new esoteric-conspiracy titles appeared in Austrian bookshops
during the ﬁrst quarter of 1995 alone. The success of his conspiracy books
also coincides with a widespread reaction among many Austrians against the
European Union since the country joined the EU in 1992. As in the case of the
U.S. patriot movement, bigger government and foreign interference greatly
increase the demand for conspiracy theory. This reaction has been exacerbated by the EU boycott of Austria in 2000 over the electoral success of Jörg
Haider’s populist Austrian Freedom Party. As already noted, Helsing’s books
remain best-sellers in Germany through the Andromeda mail-order bookshop and similar New Age outlets. The Swiss authorities have since banned
Helsing’s books for infringing the new anti-racism law of 1995. Following
complaints from German Jews, the Mannheim public prosecutor arraigned
author and publisher for spreading anti-Semitic propaganda in September
1996 but dropped the action in January 1997 as neither reside within its jurisdiction. Meanwhile, the Ewertverlag set up shop on Grand Canary Island
as a precaution and published a new book dismissing the charges. Helsing has
since published further best-selling books on the Third World War and German contacts with Aldebaran.56
The endemic spread of conspiracy theories in the New Age milieu is a disturbing phenomenon. An anarcho-libertarian interest in tracing CIA mindcontrol experiments, federal government covert operations and links with
UFOs and aliens can suddenly switch into a pessimistic discourse of hidden
elites, the Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission, the Bilderbergs and Rothschilds, leading to reprints of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
How can one explain the drift from an open, anti-authoritarian, egalitarian
outlook to an anxious myth of hostile elites and hidden threats? Some New
Agers may well feel contempt for a society that has failed to transform itself
spiritually in line with their aspirations in the 1970s. At that time, the secular
social critique was Marxist, with rational explantions of capital concentration
and corporate power. New Agers eschewed this in favor of inner transformation, but now, after Thatcher, Reagan and Bush, many may wonder what is
holding up the arrival of the New Age. The pressures of globalization and automation, the escalating export of jobs, the backlash against afﬁrmative action and political correctness all evidence a growing strain on the middle
classes. Spiritual ﬁxes via candle burning, tarot, runes and Druid workshops
to calm the inner world can easily mix with “anti” fantasies about what (or
more often “you know who”) is spoiling things out there.
The compatibility of conspiracy theories with New Age ideas is not new.
The völkisch-racist movement and Wandervögel groups of interwar Germany
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 299mixed nature worship and ecological and health issues with anti-Semitism,
racism and national revival. Today many New Age groups rehearse the nativist aspects of völkisch thought in a eulogy of the primitive: Native Americans, African bushmen and Australian aborigines are credited with a natural
wisdom long lost among the rational, technologically advanced peoples of the
West. As long as the idealized groups were perceived as marginal, foreign or
oppressed, such New Age sentiment was generally left-wing or liberal. However, once the models were sought closer to home in the prerational, mythical past of Western culture, völkisch ideas could make a fashionable return. In
the New Age movement numerous groups and workshops are now devoted to
reviving the lore of the ancient Celts and Teutons. Books on ogham, runes,
prophecy and pagan gods proliferate. Shamanism, magic and superstition are
in. Nostalgia for a lost golden age and apocalyptic hopes of its revival recall
the ideological foreground of earlier demands for fascist renewal.
The U.S. militias, conspiracy cults, and New Age cultural pessimism represent varied strands of popular radicalism that are deeply hostile toward liberalism in modern politics and society. Some New Age ideas eulogize nature
and primitive peoples in a gilded vision of the ancient past, while environmental extremists question the value of human civilization. These ideas originally had their roots in left-wing dissent, but their increasing tendency toward conspiracy beliefs and despair indicate their susceptibility to millenarian and mystical ideas on the far right. Discouraged by the impervious
advance of modern technological society and the global economy, many have
retreated to mental subcultures in which all manner of fantastic and threatening plots seem plausible to the extent that enables the Protocolsto ﬁnd new
readers and believers. As yet, the New Age has little room for Hitler worship
or Nazi UFOs, but it is noteworthy that Rainbow Ark has already speculated
that many old Nazis have reincarnated in the bodies of modern Israelis as a
way of karmically balancing former hatreds. Among such marginal beliefs, all
kinds of revaluation are possible.
As we have seen, conspiracy theory may be traced to ancient religious ideas
involving humanity’s thrall to an evil, lower god who created matter and the
inferior realm. Only the intervention of a higher, merciful god can enable
man to attain spiritual redemption. These dualist ideas were integral to Gnosticism, Marcionism, Manichaeanism and other heretical movements in the
early history of Christianity. Within a religious worldview, all suffering, disorder and strife posit the existence of evil. Personiﬁed as the Devil or AntiChrist, with the Jews often cast as his representatives on earth, such dualist dynamics offered a powerful demonology in medieval Christianity. The patriot
movement discourse of the Illuminati spreading AIDS, negotiating with evil
300 CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDERextraterrestrials and enslaving mankind through microchip mind control in
a demonic New World Order openly proclaims its inspiration in the Protocols
of the Elders of Zion, the modern nineteenth-century rendition of medieval
anti-Semitic fantasies. Just as the Protocolsfound a massive readership among
the displaced and the disinherited in a changing world before and after the
First World War, this new conspiracy discourse ﬁnds new converts among
those bewildered and frustrated by the results of globalization at the beginning of the new millennium.
This chapter began with the Oklahoma City bombing in April 1995 in the
context of conspiracy beliefs amongst patriot, militia, and far right groups in
the United States. These beliefs are often rooted in anti-Semitic stereotypes
but also involve a wider rejection of bureaucracy and a mistrust of elites, be
they political, corporate or ﬁnancial. A more recent and far worse terrorist
atrocity in the United States demonstrates the far right’s growing hatred of
government and society.
On 11 September 2001, Islamic militant suicide-pilots highjacked three
civil airliners and ﬂew them into the World Trade Center in New York and the
Pentagon in Washington D.C. In unforgettable scenes of catastrophe, the two
110-storey towers collapsed, bringing the combined death toll of the attacks
to over 5,700 civilian lives. The U.S. government set about building a strategic coalition with European and many Muslim states to destroy the leading
terrorist groups behind these crimes and their protecting states (notably the
Taliban regime of Afghanistan). Attention was chieﬂy focused on Osama bin
Laden and his al-Qa’eda group as the chief suspects, but other terrorist
groups were also targeted, including the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the Algerian
Armed Islamic Group (GIA), the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas),
Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hizbollah in the Levant. Members of these
groups had been responsible for attacks on the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut
in 1983, the Luxor tourist massacre of 1997, and the bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. These groups go beyond their motive
of creating a Palestinian state and the destruction of Israel by turning on its
American protector. In their call for a Jihad (holy war) against the “Great
Satan” of America, the supposedly demonic representative of secularization
and materialism, these militant Islamicists enact a counter-crusade against
the Jews and Christians. Their struggle reﬂects Samuel P. Huntington’s “clash
of civilisations” as the key ﬂashpoint of this new century.
The far right exempted itself from the outrage that swept the United States
and Britain. Instead, many sympathized with the Islamic militants against the
“East Coast,” code for American Jewry’s inﬂuence in world ﬁnance and foreign policy relating to support for Israel. Some American neo-Nazis went so
CONSPIRACY BELIEFS AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER 301far as to praise the terrorist attacks. Tom Metzger of White Aryan Resistance
(WAR) called the WTC attacks an example of “Victory or Valhalla” for Aryans
to take note of, while a member of the National Alliance said “the enemy of
our enemy [i.e., the Jews] is, for now at least, our friend” and wished that his
comrades had half as much fortitude as the Islamic suicide-pilots. As indicated in previous chapters, the American, British and German far right has
often courted rogue states such as Libya, Iran and Iraq against the Jews and
the West in their search for allies against the “New World Order.” Lincoln
Rockwell and American neo-Nazi groups of the 1960s were actually ultraconservative and loyalist patriots. By contrast, the far right today sees itself
not only at war with the U.S. government but with the American people
themselves. The neo-Nazis even seek alliances with enemies whose totalitarian, theocratic and millennial instincts are a mirror of their own.

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Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.

Ο τρελός καλόγερος απ' τη Καππαδοκία
ήρθε κάποια νύχτα στην αγρύπνια μας.
Στάχτη στα γένια στάχτη στα μαλλιά
και μια φωτίτσα ζωντανή στο κούτελο.
Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.
Θά 'ρθει καιρός και για την άγια νύστα.

Όταν πεινάσει το παιδί, χορτάσει το σκουλήκι,
όταν τα φίδια ρίξουνε φαρμάκι στα νερά,
τότες η γης θ' ανοίξει να φανερωθώ,
θα με γνωρίσεις και θα σε γνωρίσω,
στου πηγαδιού την άκρη θ' ανταμώσουμε
και θ' ανεβούμε συντροφιά την ανηφόρα.
Τότες η γης θ' ανοίξει να φανερωθώ.
θα με γνωρίσεις και θα σε γνωρίσω.
Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.

Αιώνες μακρινοί και θεοσκότεινοι,
στη ρίζα του βουνού σε κάποια πέτρα,
κρυφά μαστόρευα και φύλαγα για
σένα το ράσο, το ραβδί και το ταγάρι.

Ο τρελός καλόγερος απ' τη Καππαδοκία
ήρθε κάποια νύχτα στην αγρύπνια μας.
Στάχτη στα γένια στάχτη στα μαλλιά
και μια φωτούλα ζωντανή στο κούτελο.
Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.

Αρχαία Ελληνικά Πρότυπα

Τιμή σ'εκείνους όπου στη ζωή τους
όρισαν και φυλάγουν Θερμοπύλες.
..
Ποτέ από το χρέος μη κινούντες
δίκαιοι κ' ίσοι σ'όλες τους τις πράξεις,
αλλά με λύπη κιόλας κ' ευσπλαχνία.
..
Γενναίοι οσάκις είναι πλούσιοι,κι όταν
είναι πτωχοί,πάλ' εις μικρόν γενναίοι,
πάλι συντρέχοντες όσο μπορούνε.
..
Πάντοτε την αλήθεια ομιλούντες,
πλην χωρίς μίσος για τους ψευδόμενους.
..
Και περισσότερη τιμή τους πρέπει
όταν προβλέπουν
πως ο Εφιάλτης θα φανεί στο τέλος,
κ' οι Μήδοι επί τέλους θα διαβούνε.
...........
(Σημείωση : Μήδος,σύμφωνα με Λεξικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής Γλώσσης του κ.Ιωάννη Σταματάκου,σημαίνει : πονηρία,πανουργία,δολιότης)

Ανεβαίνοντας τον Όλυμπο

Για να γνωρίσω τους Θεούς σου
άνοιξα μόνος μου το δρόμο,
για όλο μου το δρόμο
την απόφαση μου παίρνοντας
ωσά μονάκριβο καρπό
για να δροσίζω,στις ακρότατες στιγμές
της δίψας μου,τα χείλια !
..
Όλυμπε,ανήφορε του Δία,
το χώμα σου είναι μαύρο
ζυμωμένο μ'όλα τα χινόπωρα
των καστανιών και των πλατάνων,
και το πόδι χώνεται βαθύτερα από το 'στραγάλι
για να σ' ανεβεί !
..
(Άγγελος Σικελιανός)

SEPTIMUS AEON - ΚΟΣΜΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ

``
''CARITAS GENERIS HUMANIS'' -Κικέρων-
.
-Λάϊμπνιτζ- : ''Φτάνει να γίνεται κάτι το συνεπές,και μου είναι αδιάφορο από ποιόν και που γίνεται,γιατί εύχομαι το καλό του ανθρώπινου γένους...''
.
ΕΠΙΔΙΩΞΗ,Η ΔΙΑΡΚΗΣ ΑΝΥΨΩΣΗ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΝΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ,εκφράζοντας ως εκ τούτου μία συγκεκριμένη φιλοσοφική όσο και πολιτική συνάμα τοποθέτηση του ατόμου απέναντι στο κοινωνικό σύνολο.
..
ΦΙΛΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΑ-ΦΥΣΙΟΛΑΤΡΕΙΑ-ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ
..
Εθελοντικό και Αυτοδιοικούμενο Σώμα,
με ελεύθερη εισδοχή μελών,
ανεξαρτήτου πίστης,φυλής ή κοινωνικής προέλευσης.
..
Χωρίς κερδοσκοπικές επιδιώξεις.
..
Φορέας επικοινωνίας ανάμεσα στα διαφορετκά στρώματα της κοινωνίας και των Δημοσίων Αρχών.
..
Φορέας ανάπτυξης τεχνικών και επαγγελματικών προτύπων,με στόχο την προσωπική εκπλήρωση και επιβίωση του κάθε μέλους.

Φορέας προώθησης της Συλλογικής Συνείδησης,
μέσα από την συγκριτική μελέτη της Φιλοσοφίας,
των Θρησκειών,των Επιστημών και των Τεχνών.

Φορέας προώθησης της Συμμετοχικής Δράσης των πολιτών-μελών στην Πολιτεία,με στόχο την αναγνώριση οικονομικών,
πολιτιστικών ή άλλων προνομίων,
συμβάλλοντας στον Πολιτισμό,στην Ατομική και στην
Κοινωνική Ευημερία.

Βωμούς να ορθώσουνε

..
κι είναι,μέσα στους σκυφτούς,τα παληκάρια
κι είναι,μες τους κοιμισμένους,οι στρατιώτες.
..
Με μαύρα τα μαντίλια στα κεφάλια τους,
πες τους και καλόγερους,αν θέλεις,
πες τους και φιλόσοφους..
..είν' οι ακριβοί της Φύσης..
..
Ό,τι πολεμάτε για ν' αδράξετε
μ' ενός άδειου λόγου ορμή,
το ζητάνε αυτοί με τ' άρματα στα χέρια
και δε σκύβουνε γυρτούς βωμούς να ορθώσουνε,
κι είναι σαν πατέρες των παιδιών
που ΘΑ ΠΛΑΣΟΥΝΕ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ,
ΤΟΥ ΗΛΙΟΥ ΤΑΙΡΙΑ.
..
(Όλο το ποίημα βρίσκεται στην ιστοσελίδα αυτή,στην ετικέτα ''Ποίηση'' - Κωστής Παλαμάς,'' Ο Λαός".)

Ο Οδυσσέας στους Κήπους του Αλκίνοου

'' Ειρήνη μέσα στο χάος ''

'' Δύναμη μέσα στη προσπάθεια ''

'' Κατανόηση μέσα στη πολυπλοκότητα ''

'' Συμβίωση μέσα στη διαφορετικότητα ''

Στόχος μας είναι η δημιουργία μιάς ιδεώδους κοινωνίας ή έστω μιάς περιορισμένης κοινότητας ανθρώπων,με δομές και κανόνες,που να εγγυώνται την ευτυχία όλων των μελών της.

Ο βασικός λόγος που μας οδηγεί στην οργάνωση και δημιουργία αυτής της κοινωνίας εντοπίζεται τόσο στην ανθρώπινη φύση μας όσο και στις δομές των σημερινών κοινωνιών.

Η πάντοτε ανήσυχη ανθρώπινη φύση,επιζητεί διαρκώς την υπέρβαση της.

Από την άλλη,οι δομές των σημερινών κοινωνιών και η γενικότερη φύση τους που οδηγούν στον εκμαυλισμό κυβερνούντων και κυβερνουμένων,στην έκπτωση των αξιών,την αδικία και την ανισότητα,στην παρακμή και τη σήψη,μας ωθούν στην προσπάθεια να δημιουργήσουμε μία κοινωνία,όπου όλα αυτά τα κοινωνικά πάθη να βρούν τη λύση τους ή και να αποφευχθούν εκ των προτέρων εξ ολοκλήρου και στη ρίζα τους.

Δεν δραπετεύουμε από το Υπαρκτό στο Μη-Υπαρκτό.
Βασισμένοι σε ξεκάθαρες,αγνές,λίγες αλλά ουσιώδεις και απλές στην εφαρμογή φιλοσοφικές αρχές κτίζουμε τη Πολιτεία μας.
..
(Όλο το κείμενο,Ομήρου Οδύσσεια κεφάλαιο θ 95-481 και Ι 2-11,που περιγράφουν το βασίλειο των Φαιάκων και την διατριβή του Οδυσσέα στους Κήπους του βασιλιά Αλκίνου,
μπορείτε να την διαβάσεται στην ιστοσελίδα :
http://users.otenet.gr/~aper/homer/odm8m.htm
και αξίζει τη προσπάθεια και το χρόνο σας.)

Νέος Ουμανισμός

'' Η γνώση της ανθρώπινης οντότητας ως συνείδηση και βούληση είναι το θεμέλιο κάθε ανθρώπινης γνώσης.''

Προβάλλουμε το ανθρώπινο πρόσωπο,την ανθρώπινη οντότητα,ως την κεντρική αξία,μέχρι του σημείου να θεωρούμε τη γνώση του ως προύπόθεση κάθε γνώσης.

Διδαχή της δυνατής αποκάλυψης της ανθρώπινης οντότητας μέσω της λατρείας της Δικαιοσύνης.

Εν ονόματι του προσώπου ως πνευματικού όντος αγωνιζόμαστε.

Αυτός ο Νέος Ουμανισμός βασίζεται σε κάθε πολιτισμό που προβάλλει το ανθρώπινο πρόσωπο ως ανώτερη αξία έναντι των υλικών αναγκαιοτήτων και των συλλογικών μηχανισμών που προωθούν την ανάπτυξη τους.

Προσαρμόζομαι και Προσαρμόζω

Προς το Αρμόζων.

Σε κάθε γενιά ανατίθεται ο ρόλος της διατήρησης των παλαιών και αγαπητών μορφών,
αλλά επίσης και της συνετής επέκτασης και του εμπλουτισμού τους.

Κάθε κύκλος πρέπει να προσθέσει τους δικούς του καρπούς.
Καρπούς της δικής του έρευνας και αξιολόγησης.
Αξιολογώ τα καλά,σύμφωνα με την έρευνα και τη βιωματική μου εικόνα,και τα κρατάω.
Αποβάλλω,όμως,ότι θεωρώ μη χρήσιμο ή άνευ αξίας.

Καταστρέφω τις παλιές μορφές για να δημιουργήσω νέες,
αντάξιες μου.Εκείνο που χρειάζομαι στη διαδικασία αυτή
είναι η θέληση να αλλάξω,η γνώση τι να αλλάξω και η ικανότητα της προσαρμογής.

Χρειάζεται να αποφύγω τον κίνδυνο της αποκρυστάλλωσης με την πλαστικότητα και την διεύρυνση.

Αν όλα γύρω μου εγώ τα βρίσκω αντάξια μου ή είμαι τυχερός ευδαίμων ή έχω αποκρυσταλλωθεί,έχω παγιώσει το
περιβάλλον μου.

Ο κίνδυνος βρίσκεται στον δογματισμό και στην ακαμψία.

Ισχυρίζονται ότι η παλαιά τάξη πραγμάτων μεταβάλλεται.
Πράγματι μεταβάλλεται.Προς ποιά κατεύθυνση όμως ;
Μεταβάλλεται ως προς την ποσότητα,όχι ως προς την ποιότητα.
Είναι μία αλλαγή διάστασης και μορφής,και όχι ουσίας ή
βάσεως.

Αφαιρώντας τις προσθήκες του παρελθόντος που συσκοτίζουν και κηλιδώνουν,έχω την δυνατότητα να κτίσω
σε φωτεινές και ακηλίδωτες βάσεις.

Γιατί κοινωνία και όχι άτομα

Η νέα μαθητεία είναι πρωταρχικά ένα πείραμα ομαδικής εργασίας και το κύριο αντικείμενο της δεν είναι η τελειοποίηση ενός μεμονωμένου μαθητή.

Τα άτομα προορίζονται για να αλληλοσυμπληρώνονται και να αποτελούν απαραίτητα στοιχεία το ένα του άλλου.

Στο σύνολο των ιδιοτήτων τους όλα αυτά τα άτομα,
θα παρουσιάζουν μία αδιαίρετη ενότητα,
θα είναι ενιαία μονάδα,
μία πνευματική κοινωνία ικανή και χρήσιμη,
μία κοινωνία μέσω της οποίας η πνευματική ενέργεια να μπορεί να μεταβιβάζεται σε όλους τους ανθρώπους.

Οι σφαίρες υπηρεσίας των μεμονωμένων μαθητών παραμένουν οι ίδιες όπως και πρώτα,αλλά στα διάφορα πεδία της ατομικής προσπάθειας τους προστίθεται μία ομαδική δραστηριότητα και ζωή που γίνεται κατανοητώτερη καθώς υλοποιείται.

Πρώτο αναγκαίο ζητούμενο είναι συνεπώς,
να συνδεθούμε και να ενοποιηθούμε σαν μία μονάδα,
ώστε κάθε πρόσωπο σ'αυτή να μπορεί να εργαστεί σε στενή νοητική επικοινωνία και πνευματική συνεργασία με τ'άλλα.

Αυτό απαιτεί οπωσδήποτε χρόνο,προσπάθεια,θέληση,
γνώση και καλή διάθεση.
Όλοι είμαστε ίσοι,αλλά ο καθένας διαφορετικός.
Η διαφορετικότητα μας είναι που δίνει την αρμονία στο σύνολο.

Γρήγορα αποτελέσματα και θεαματικές ανελίξεις
δεν είναι στις υποσχέσεις μου.
Η έφεση,η υπομονή,η καλή διάθεση,η πειθαρχία,
η φιλία,η αποδοχή της διαφορετικότητας μας,
είναι οι καλοί μας σύμβουλοι.
Η δειλία,η αναβλητικότητα,η έλλειψη ειλικρίνειας,
ο υπέρμετρος εγω'ι'σμός,η ματαιοδοξία,η υποκρισία,η μωροπιστία,η προπαίτεια,η αλαζονεία,το θράσσος, η υποτίμηση,οι επικρίσεις,η βιασύνη,
είναι εμπόδια στη πρόοοδο μας.

Υποτάσσοντας τις ιδέες της προσωπικής μου ανάπτυξης,
στις ανάγκες της ομάδας,επιταχύνω την πρόοδο της ομάδας,
συγχρόνως όμως της δικής μου.
'' Τράβα με να σε τραβώ ν'ανεβούμε στο βουνό ''

Είναι καλό να θυμηθούμε ότι,κατά γενικό κανόνα,
κανείς δεν πείθεται σ'εκείνο που του λένε οι άλλοι,
-άσχετα πόσο φανερή είναι η αλήθεια-.

Μόνο οι αλήθειες εκείνες που δοκιμάζονται μέσα στο καμίνι της δικής μας,της ατομικής μας εμπειρίας,αφομοιώνονται πραγματικά στη συνείδηση μας και δίνουν καρπούς.

Πώς όμως θα βιώσεις κάτι,αν δεν στο δείξει κάποιος και το δοκιμάσεις ;

Virtues

6 core virtues. Under these virtues they listed 24 character strengths associated with each one. The character strengths were the avenues to living and attaining that virtue. Let’s take a look at the list:

1. Wisdom and knowledge-cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge

Creativity
Curiosity
Open-mindedness
Love of learning
Perspective

2. Courage-emotional strengths that involve the exercise of will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external or internal

Bravery
Persistence
Integrity
Vitality

3. Humanity-interpersonal strengths that involve tending and befriending others

Love
Kindness
Social Intelligence

4. Justice-civic strengths that underlie healthy community life

Citizenship
Fairness
Leadership

5. Temperance-strengths that protect against excess

Forgiveness and mercy
Humility/modesty
Prudence
Self-regulation (self-control)

6. Transcendence-strengths that forge connections to other people and the larger universe and provide meaning

Appreciation of beauty and excellence (awe, wonder, elevation)
Gratitude
Hope
Humor
Spirituality

Before you proceed further, take 20 minutes to take the VIA Survey of Character Strengths, available free atauthentichappiness.org under the heading “Engagement Questionnaires.”

Did you take the test? Good. Now look over the list of strengths given in your results.

No test is perfect, and the taker can bias the results by choosing answers that don’t describe themselves as much as they describe the person they wish they were. So you want to double-check that the strengths listed are the real you. Seligman and Peterson recommend that you evaluate the authenticity of each strength with this criteria:

A sense of ownership and authenticity (“This is the real me”).
A feeling of excitement while displaying the strength, especially at first.
A rapid learning curve as the strength is first practiced.
A continuous learning of new ways to enact the strength.
A sense of yearning to find ways to use it.
A feeling of inevitability in using the strength, as if one cannot be stopped or dissuaded from its display.
Joy, zest, enthusiasm, even ecstasy while using it.
Invigoration rather than exhaustion when using the strength.
The creation and pursuit of personal projects that revolve around the strength.
Intrinsic motivation to use the strength.

Stella Maris

A series of articles on Roman Catholic Mariology
General articles Overview of Mariology • Veneration of the Blessed Virgin • History of Mariology
Expressions of devotion Art • Music • Architecture
Specific articles Apparitions • Saints • Popes •Dogmas and Doctrines •Movements & Societies

PRE-CHRISTIAN MYSTICS AND INFLUENCES ON MYSTICISM

Pythagoras (c.580/570-c.500 B.C.E.): A Presocratic philosopher. Founder of a major school of philosophy/religion that emphasized the mystical interconnections in numbers, nature, and the human soul. The natural and the ethical world were inseparable.

Parmenides (c.515-c.450 B.C.E.): On Nature, extant in fragments. Another of the Presocratics. Extends Pythagoras by insisting that all that exists is unchanging and unified. Therefore, if something is changing, it is illusory. This paves the way for the two-world view important for much mysticism. Influences: Pythagoras.

Plato (428-348 B.C.E.): Sophist, Republic, Parmenides, many others. Most important of ancient philosophers. His philosophical system provides the basis of most later mystical forms.Influences: Pythagoras, Parmenides.

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.): Metaphysics, De Anima, Nicomachean Ethics. While Aristotle himself is not really considered to be a mystic, he is an important influence on later mystics, especially when combined with Plato by Plotinus, and also when Christianized in the high Middle Ages.

Philo (c.20 B.C.E.-c.41 C.E.): The Contemplative Life. An Alexandrian Jew who drew fromPlatonist tradition, Stoicism, and neo-Pythagoreanism to create a fusion of the active or virtuous life and the contemplative life.

Plotinus (c.205-270 C.E.): Enneads. The non-Christian, neo-Platonic basis for much Christian, Jewish, and Islamic mysticism. Influences: Plato, Aristotle.

Porphyry (c.232-304 C.E.): Isagoge. Compiled Plotinus' Enneads, and wrote a life of Plotinus. He was strongly anti-Christian, yet he became important in the history of Christian mysticism.

Proclus or Proclusthe Lycian (412-485 C.E.): The Elements of Theology. Athenian Neo-platonist, who influenced Pseudo-Dionysius, and beyond him most of the mystical tradition. While respecting Plotinus, Proclus also amended his philosophical structure.

CHRISTIAN MYSTICS AND MOVEMENTS

(1) Early Church

Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35-c.107): Christocentric mystic. For him Christ's death and resurrectiontake on mystical significance.

St. Polycarp (c.69-c.155): Had a mystical vision which foretold his martyrdom by fire.

Justin Martyr (c.105-c.165): First Apology. Used Greek philosophy as the stepping-stone to Christian theology. The mystical conclusions that some Greeks arrived at, pointed to Christ.Influences: Pythagoras, Plato, Plotinus, Aristotle, Stoicism.

Irenaeus (c.125-c.202): Revolution and Overthrow of False Knowledge (or Against Heresies). Irenaeus' work was directed against Gnosticism. He emphasized John's gospel, particularly theLogos, which became the voice of God that revealed itself to all people.

Tertullian (c.155-c.222): To Martyrs, Apology, Against the Valentinians, Against Marcion, On the Soul. Emphasized a faith that was a contradiction to reason. "I believe because it is absurd." First to use trinitarian (three-in-one) formulation for God.

Origen (c.185-254): On Principles, Against Celsus. Studied under Clement of Alexandria, and probably also Ammonius Saccus (Plotinus' teacher). He Christianized and theologized neo-Platonism. Each soul has individually fallen (emanation), and must find its way back to God (return) through the help of the Logos, Christ. Origen looks quite Gnostic at times.

St. Antony (c.251-356): The Letters of St. Antony the Great. Early hermit or solitary monk, and a model for later monasticism, particularly of his eremetical type.

St. Athanasius (c.296-373): Against the Gentiles, Apology Against the Arians. Bishop of Alexandria (328-73), wrote a Life of Antony, and was an influence on later Eastern Orthodox mysticism.

Gregory of Nazianzus (329-389): Forty-five Sermons. One of the Cappadocians, early church fathers.

Basil the Great (c.330-379): Longer Rules, Liturgy of St. Basil. One of the Cappadocians, early church fathers. He gave a mystical orientation to the monastic movement.

Gregory of Nyssa (c.335-c.398): Dialogue with his Sister Macrina concerning the Resurrection. Believed that the universe existed as a harmonious order emanating from God. One of theCappadocians.

Augustine (354-430): De Trinitate, Confessions. Important source for much mediaeval mysticism. Brings Platonism and Christianity together. He emphasizes the soul's search for God, made possible by the illumination of the mind of God. Influences: Plato, Plotinus.

(2) Mediaeval (Catholic and Orthodox) Church

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (writing c.500): The Celestial Hierarchy, the Mystical Theology, and The Divine Names. Originates the distinction between kataphatic and apophatictheology. Influences: Plotinus.

John Scotus Eriugena (c.810-c.877): Periphyseon. Eriugena translated Pseudo-Dionysius from Greek into Latin. He holds that humans are a microcosm of the universe. That which is shared, the essence of all things, is God. Influences: Plotinus, Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius.

Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153): Sermons, De diligendo Deo, On the Love of God. Cistercian mystic. Promoted a mystical vision of rhapsodic love, in which the Church is described in erotic terms as the bride of Christ. His love-mysticism had the tendency to be anti-intellectual, as in his disputes with Abelard.

William of St.-Thierry (c.1085-1148): Golden Letter, On the Contemplation of God, On the Nature and Dignity of Love. A Cistercian contemporary of Bernard's, William also emphasized love-mysticism, but with subtle differences from Bernard in his use of Augustine.

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179): Scivias, The Book of Divine Works, Letters. Early German speculative mystic, reminiscent of Isaiah or Ezekiel at times. She was greatly respected in her time, both for her writings as well as for her music and art. Influences: Augustine, Bernard of Clairvaux.

Victorines: Hugh of St. Victor (c.1096-c.1142), Richard of St. Victor (d. 1173): On Sacraments. Hugh is the more important of the two. He argues for a close tie between reason and mysticism.

Francis of Assisi (John Bernardone) (1182-1226): Canticle of the Sun. Founder of the Franciscan order, which emphasized self-renunciation and poverty. Francis approaches nature mysticism at times, particularly when he sees God in all living things.

Albertus Magnus (1206-1280): The teacher of Thomas Aquinas. In the tradition of Pythagoras, emphasized the essential unity of science and mysticism. Influences: Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius.

Beatrice of Nazareth (1200-1268): The Seven modes of Sacred Love. Belgian Cistercian mystic. Associated with the Beguines. Influences: Augustine.

Mechthild of Magdeburg (1207-1282): The Flowing Light of the Godhead. Strongly feminine images in mysticism. Devotional mystic. Associated with the Beguines. Influences: Bernard of Clairvaux, Hildegard, Gregory the Great.

Bonaventure (John Fidanza) (1217-1274): The Mind's Road to God, The Tree of Life, The Life of St. Francis. Franciscan monk, and the architect of the philosophical, theological, and mystical side of Francis' thought. Mysticism in the Augustinian tradition. Influences: Augustine, St. Francis of Assisi, Victorines.

St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1275): Summa Theologica, De Anima, many others. Dominican monk and the greatest Catholic theologian and philosopher. Late in life, he had a mystical experience which caused him to question his scholastic past. Influences: Aristotle, Augustine,Pseudo-Dionysius, Eriugena.

Ramon Llull (c.1235-1315): Great Art, The Book of the Lover and the Beloved. Franciscan. Legend has it that Llull wrote 200 works, was an alchemist and a magician. He also worked on the logic of science. The "Great Art" is the scientific and mystical calculation of the interrelations of all things. Influences: Bonaventure.

Angela of Foligno (c.1248-1309): The Book of Divine Consolations of the Blessed Angela of Foligno. Mysticism is based on the facts of Christ's life and death. Influences: Francis of Assisi, Bonaventure.

Marguerite Porete (d. 1310): The Mirror of Simple Souls.

Meister Eckhart (1260-1327/8): Sermons, Parisian Questions and Prologues. [Some English-language selections from his writings are available.] Dominican monk. One of the most important early German speculative mystics. Eckhart is the first of the so-called "Rhineland" mystics. The Sermons were in German, the academic works in Latin. Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius.

Hadewijch (Adelwip) of Brabant/Antwerp (13th century): Letters, Poems in Stanzas, Visions,Poems in Couplets. Belgian Beguine. One of the greatest exponents of love mysticism.Influences: Plato, Plotinus, Pseudo-Dionysius, Gregory of Nyssa, Richard of St. Victor.

Jan van Ruysbroeck (1293-1381): The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage (Spiritual Espousals),The Sparkling Stone, The Book of Supreme Truth. Flemish mystic, sometimes considered one of the Rhineland mystics. Outlines the stages of the mystical life. Influences: Eckhart, Hadewijch.

Henry Suso (1295-1366): The Little Book of Truth, The Little Book of Wisdom (Horologium Sapientiae). A Rhineland mystic. Influences: Eckhart.

Gregory Palamas (1296-1359): Eastern Orthodox mystic. Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius, Athanasius.

Johannes Tauler (1300-1361): Sermons. Rhineland mystic and Dominican. Tauler emphasized the inner person rather than outer works, and because of this became popular in Protestant circles in the Reformation, and later Pietism and Romanticism. He was part of the same community that produced the Theologia Germanica. Influences: Eckhart, Mechthild of Magdeburg.

Anonymous (c.1350-1400): Theologia Germanica or Theologia Deutsch. Important influence in the German mystical tradition. Luther rediscovered and popularized it. Influences: Augustine, Eckhart, Tauler.

Richard Rolle (1300-1349): The Fire of Love. Part of the "English school" of late mediaeval mysticism. Emphasizes the "physicality" of the mystical experience (feeling heat, seeing colours, etc.).

Birgitta (Brigida) Suecica of Sweden (1302-1373): Ascetic mystic. Heavily involved in political activity. Influences: St. Francis of Assisi.

Anonymous (c.1349-c.1395): The Cloud of Unknowing, [as modernized, see also early text] The Book of Privy Council. Part of the "English school" of late mediaeval mysticism. The emphasis on "unknowing" God is part of Pseudo-Dionysius' apophatic theology. Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius.

Walter Hilton (d. 1395): The Scale (Ladder) of Perfection, Epistle to a Devout Man. AnAugustinian monk, Hilton was an English mystic.

Julian of Norwich (1342-1413?): Showings or Revelations of Divine Love. Julian was part of the "English school" of late mediaeval mysticism. Mystical experience that came at the point of death. The experience came with healing, and she devoted her life to understanding her vision.Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius, Aquinas (?).

Margery Kempe (c.1413): Mainly known as the biographer of Julian of Norwich.

Catherine of Siena (1347-1380): Il Dialogo. Italian. Mystic; advisor to Pope Gregory XI.Influences: Augustine.

Thomas à Kempis (c.1380-1471): The Imitation of Christ. Augustinian monk. Finest expression of devotio moderna, modern spirituality, which downplays the Rhineland mystics' concern with contemplation and speculative theology, and stresses the practice of simple piety and asceticism. Influences: Eckhart.

Nicolaus of Cusa (Cusanus, Nikolaus Krebs) (1401-1464): The Vision of God (1453), De Docta Ignorantia. German mystic. Part of the revival of Platonism in the Renaissance. Cusanus was a speculative mystic who emphasized the incomprehensibility and paradoxicality of God.Influences: Plotinus, Pseudo-Dionysius, Eckhart.

St. Catherine of Genoa (1447-1510): Life and Doctrines, Treatise on Purgatory. Mysticism spurred in part by the abuse and neglect by her husband. Her trauma becomes mystical as she argues that purgatory is a stage on the mystical path, the final purification of the effects of self-love.

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582): Life, by Herself; The Way of Perfection; The Interior Castle. Spanish Carmelite nun. Formed the Discalced (Barefoot) Carmelites, with St. John of the Cross. Is very important for describing the stages of the mystical journey. Influences: Augustine.

St. John of the Cross (Juan de Yepes) (1542-1591): Dark Night of the Soul and Ascent of Mt. Carmel. Spanish mystic. (Discalced Carmelite) Both John and Teresa emphasize mysticism as union with God, attainable only in the denial of the self. Influences: Teresa of Avila.

Giordano Bruno (1548-1600): Hermetic philosopher, one of the most important philosophers of the Renaissance. Bruno advocated a kind of nature mysticism which had a strong scientific component to it.

St. Francois de Sales (1567-1622): The Introduction to the Devout Life (Philothea), Treatise on the Love of God. French mystic. Devout Life is a classic of French spirituality.

Louis Claude de Saint Martin (1743-1803): Theosophic Correspondence. While technically Catholic, St. Martin's mysticism follows much closer in the tradition of Boehme and other nature mystics. Influences: Boehme, Swedenborg, Weigel, Law.

(3) Non-Catholic Christian Mystics (16th-18th century)

Martin Luther (1483-1546): While Luther had a well-known antipathy to mystics, it is also true that there is the foundation of mystical life in his theology of the heart, particularly in his early thought. Influences: Augustine, Theologica Germanica.

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535): De Occulta Philosophia (1533). It is not clear whether to call Agrippa Catholic or not. He did not embrace the Reformation, yet many of his themes are much closer to Weigel and Boehme than to any Catholic mystic. His was a speculative mysticism, as much interested in magic and alchemy as in spiritual life.

Paracelsus (Phillipus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) (1493-1541): Another speculative mystic more interested in medical alchemy, astronomy, and natural philosophy.

Valentin Weigel (1533-1588): Know Thyself (1572). Weigel begins in the tradition of Rhineland mysticism, and moves to the speculative nature mysticism of Paracelsus. Influences: Eckhart, Tauler, Theologica Germanica, Paracelsus.

Jacob Boehme (1575-1624): Aurora (1612) [in German], Mysterium Pansophicum (1620),Signature Rerum (1622), Mysterium Magnum (1623). Lusatian Lutheran. A major figure in German mysticism. Influences: Eckhart, the Jewish Kabbalah, Valentin Weigel, Renaissance alchemy, Paracelsus.

Christian Knorr von Rosenroth (1636-1689): Kabbala Denudata: The Kabbalah Uncovered. AChristian Kabbalist. Influenced by the Kabbalah, Jacob Boehme.

Angelus Silesius (Johannes Scheffler 1624-1677): The Cherubic Wanderer [Hungarian version] (1657-on). Mysticism in epigrammatic couplets.

George Fox (1624-1691): Founder of the Quakers. Influences: Boehme.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716): Monadology. Usually thought of as a rationalist philosopher rather than a mystic. However, while it may be too much to call him a mystic, it is certainly possible to see the affinities between his thought and that of Cusanus, Weigel, Boehme, and other nature mystics. His most important contribution is to blend inner life with rationality; most Pietists (and most scientists) assumed them to be mutually exclusive.

William Law (1686-1761): The Spirit of Love (1752-1754). English mystic. Law is most famous for his devotional works (like A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life), but later in his life he became interested in Jacob Boehme, and wrote several mystical treatises.

Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772): Many works, including Arcana Coelestia, Heaven and Hell,The Heavenly City, Divine Love and Wisdom, etc. Swedenborg worked out a detailed understanding of nature mysticism, applying it to everything from the animal world to the spiritual world. He is one of the few mystics to have an active following to the present.

Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (1702-1782): Nature mystic, Pietist. Influences: Boehme, Weigel, Swedenborg.

Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803): Another person who is often not counted as a mystic, but who followed Leibnitz in attempting to blend science and mysticism into a kind of vitalism.Influences: Cusanus, Boehme, Leibnitz.

NOTE: After the 18th century, the influence of mysticism explodes in the Romanticism of Germany, England, and America. True mystics, however, remain few.

JEWISH MYSTICS AND MYSTICISM

Kabbalah [See also links maintained by Colin Low.]

Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (1240-1291): One of the founders of the Spanish Kabbalah.

Moses ben Shem Tob de Leon (1250-1305): Zohar (The Book of Splendor). The most important writer of the most important Kabbalist document.

Moses Cordovero (1522-1570): Pardes Rimmonim, Elimah Rabbati, Palmtree of Deborah. Spanish Kabbalist. Cordovero laid the groundwork for the Kabbalist ethical literature that proliferated in the 16th-18th centuries.

Isaac Luria (1534-1572): Founder of the Lurianic Kabbalah, which is the modern version. Mostmodern Kabbalists follow Luria's version.

Hasidism

Israel ben Eliezer, Ba'al Shem Tov (Besht) (1700-1760): Founder of the Hasidim, the sect appearing during the final stages of the Kabbalah's development.

Rabbi Nachman of Breslov in the Ukraine (1772-1810): Martin Buber, the author of I and Thou(Ich und Du), calls him the last Jewish mystic.

ISLAMIC MYSTICS AND MYSTICISM

Sufism has sources in sacred texts, the remembrance of Allah, and respect for those who exemplify the straight path of Islam through and beyond explicit injunctions of the law.

Hasan of Basra (d. 728): Early advocate of ascetic piety. Hasan emphasized the Koran or Qur'anas the standard of right and wrong, which in turn emphasized the fear of God.

al Hallaj (d. 922): The Ta wa-sin Tried and executed for claiming that God had come to dwell in him.

al Farabi (ca. 873-950): Important philosopher as well as a mystic. Influences: Plotinus.

al Ghazali (d. 1111): First-rate Aristotelean philosopher, who extended Aristotle's theory of perception to argue for a kind of mystical perception that goes beyond reason. Influences: Aristotle.

ADDENDUM: TERMS, TRENDS, AND MOVEMENTS WORTH KNOWING ABOUT

Alchemy: Alchemy, as often as not, assumes a Hermetic world view. Most people know alchemy as the search for the principle of transmutation of baser metals into higher (e.g., lead into gold). It is really broader, and represents the attempt to understand the connections in the world. Paracelsus practiced a medical alchemy, in which the body was a collection of balancing principles, and illness meant that the balance was off. If you take away the spiritual assumptions behind the alchemical forces, you have something remarkably close to Newtonian physics.

Beghards: male counterparts to the Beguines. Fewer, and less of an issue for the church at the time.

Beguines: group of female contemplatives, some of whom were mystics. They were condemned as heretics because they represented a challenge to the church's authority. Many important female mystics were associated with the Beguines, although the group was not necessarily mystical (some thought that mystical visions got in the way of practical life).

Gnosticism: Derived from Greek gnosis, knowledge. The Gnostic is one who claims esoteric knowledge about God and the metaphysical structure of the universe. There is a strong distinction between spirit and matter, God and the world. This position sometimes resulted in asceticism (the spirit must be liberated from the bonds of the flesh), and sometimes antinomianism (the material world is inconsequential, so there is no point in resisting carnal impulses). Some later mysticism (e.g. quietism) has the world-denying aspects of gnosticism.

Hermeticism: Followers of the legendary figure Hermes Trismegistus, or thrice-great Hermes, reputed to be an Egyptian writer. Much nature mysticism of the Renaissance found hermetic thought useful, because both understood the world to be intrinsically interconnected, and only understandable once those connections were understood. Hermes mixed with Pseudo-Dionysius was common fare in Renaissance Italy, until Isaac Casaubon showed that Hermes was not who he said he was.

Kabbalah: Jewish mysticism that has its roots earlier than Christianity, but which flourishes in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The Kabbalah struggles with the problem of how the human person can relate to a God who is totally other, and how that God relates to creation.

Monasticism: Although the tendency to live apart for spiritual devotion has a long history, it is closely tied to mysticism in the Middle Ages. The disciplines associated with mysticism have their most rigorous application there. The most famous orders are the Franciscans (St. Francis of Assisi, Bonaventure), the Dominicans (Thomas Aquinas, Meister Eckhart), the Carmelites(Teresa of Avila, St. John of the Cross), the Benedictines (St. Benedict), and the Jesuits (St. Ignatius of Loyola). The orders exist to this day, and continue to be places that encourage mysticism and contemplation (Thomas Merton was a Trappist monk, for instance).

Rhineland Mysticism: The Rhineland mystics were German mystics that follow the influence of Meister Eckhart. They tend to emphasize the search for the inner ground of the soul.

Sufism: The mystical bent in Islam is supported by passages from the Koran (or Qur'an) and is represented by the Sufis. Because there is a dominant emphasis on prophetic activism and legalism in Islam, Muslim tradition may be misunderstood as entirely inhospitable to mysticism. But the Sufi way, mainly transmitted through "lay orders" that trace their origin to some influential spiritual teacher, preserve a distinctively Islamic mysticism. Among these Sufi subtraditions are the Naqshbandi and the Nimatullahi, but there are several others. A few modern organizations (such as the International Sufi Movement led by Hidayat Inayat Khan) claim descent from traditional Sufis but do not require their followers to be Muslims. And recently the great Sufi poetJalaluddin Rumi has been rediscovered as a source of inspiration by poets Robert Bly andColeman Barks. However, most practicing Sufis affirm that they are Muslims.

IMPORTANT SECONDARY SOURCES

The secondary sources in mysticism are quite varied. Sometimes whole works are devoted to the subject; sometimes chapters of quite unexpected works will be on mysticism. More general reflections on mysticism can be found as introductions or appendices to works on particular mystics or chapters in philosophies or psychologies of religion. And, many works on mysticism that seem to be reflections on the nature of mysticism turn out to be anthologies of writings of various mystics. Compounding the problem is the fact that the word "mysticism" has been used for all sorts of experiences, philosophical positions, personality types, writings, or whatever. Where to go?

Well, here are my favorites. Of course, this is highly selective, not to mention somewhat idiosyncratic. I will start with the good general bibliographies first -- consulting these will lead you to other things. You will have to find bibliographies for individual mystics yourself (come see me on this; I might be able to help). In the "General Secondary Sources" section, I have not included several fine works that reflect on mysticism in general from the point of view of a particular mystic (except for von Huegel's work, that is). Most of these you can find by looking for the particular mystic.

(1) Bibliographies

Bowman, Mary Ann. Western mysticism: A guide to the basic works. Chicago: American Library Association, 1978. ~~ A very good work, to 1978. It is well organized, and has a good index. It is better than Sharma & Arndt, although both are quite old.

CD-ROM Indices -- Modern Languages Association (MLA) Index, Philosopher's Index, PsychLit Index, Religion Index. ~~ All of these will produce more references than you can use, if you look either under "mysticism" or under a particular mystic's name, or under the name of a movement (e.g. "Beguine"). These indices have the virtue of also giving you abstracts. . . .

Jones, C., Wainwright, G., Yarnold, E., eds. The study of spirituality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. ~~ Each entry comes with a short bibliography. This is a good place to start if you want information on a particular individual.

McGinn, Bernard. The foundations of mysticism. New York: Crossroad Press, 1991. ~~ McGinn has a great bibliography in the back of this book. More on McGinn later.

Sharma, Umesh and Arndt, John. Mysticism: A select bibliography. Waterloo, Ont.: Waterloo Lutheran University, 1973. ~~ This bibliography goes well beyond Western mysticism. At over 1500 entries, it is quite good (although of course, still selective, given the immense amount of material they could have included). There are only two real drawbacks: it is hard to find . . . , and it is over 20 years old (a lot has happened in theory of mysticism since 1973). While the entries are not organized under headings, there is an index at the back. A good resource.

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism, 12th edition. New York: Meridian Books, 1955. ~~ Underhill lists texts, translations, and studies for many different mystics, quite a number not included in my list.

(2) Biographies

Encyclopedia of philosophy, Macmillan and Free Press, 1967. ~~ It will not have all the mystics listed above, but only those that are clearly philosophically significant. However, what it does have is well done.

Ferguson, John. An illustrated encyclopedia of mysticism and the mystery religions. New York: Seabury Press, 1977. ~~ Although sometimes a bit sloppy about its characterizations (I think it buys into the hype a bit too much), this is a good quick reference for people, movements, and ideas.

Jones, C., Wainwright, G., Yarnold, E., eds. The study of spirituality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. ~~ A good resource on the history of spirituality, with dozens of entries by major writers on important people, movements, and concepts.

Reese, W. L., Dictionary of philosophy and religion. Humanities Press, 1980. ~~ Very brief entries on virtually all the people mentioned here.

(3) General Secondary Sources

Almond, Philip. Mystical experience and religious doctrine: An investigation of the study of mysticism in world religions. Berlin and New York: Mouton, 1982. ~~ Almond focusses on the interpretation of mystical experience, and does a good critique of different thinkers.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Jesus as mother. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. ~~ A classic on mysticism and women in the High Middle Ages.

Carmody, Denise L. & John T. Carmody. Mysticism: Holiness east and west. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ~~ A breezy overview of mysticism around the world. As with most works of this sort, the further the term mysticism is extended, the harder it is to maintain the commonalities. Still, not a bad introduction.

Certeau, Michel de. The mystic fable. Volume 1: The 16th and 17th Centuries. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1992. ~~ de Certeau is chiefly known for his work in post-modern and post-colonial circles, mainly on embodiment. This is one of his final works, and is an excellent rethinking of early modern mysticism as the "attempt to represent the unrepresentable."

Ellwood, Robert. Mysticism and religion. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1980. ~~ Long used as a basic introduction to mysticism in religion departments. Also available in a slightly revised second edition ~ New York: Seven Bridges Press, 1998.

Evans, Donald. Spirituality and human nature. Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 1992. ~~ A philosopher/mystic teaching at the University of Toronto gives a defense of the rationality and respectability of mystical experience.

Forman, Robert K. C., ed. The problem of pure consciousness: Mysticism and philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. ~~ A good compilation of essays on the debate betweenperennialists and constructivists, as Forman calls them, or those who regard mystical experience as pure, and those that argue that it is mediated through language, tradition, culture, religion, and other factors.

Happold, F. C. Mysticism: A study and an anthology. London, England: Penguin, 1963. ~~ One of the first attempts to place mysticism in the modern world.

Horne, James. Beyond mysticism (1978). The moral mystic (1983). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ~~ Both these books deserve more attention than they receive. Horne identifies and tackles several issues in philosophy and mysticism.

Huegel, F. von. The mystical element of religion. 2 vols., London: Dent, 1908; New York: Dutton, 1923. ~~ The grand-daddy of modern scholarship on mysticism. Working from the writings of Catherine of Genoa, Huegel concludes that the mystical or experiential element is an essential component of true religion.

Idel, Moshe. Kabbalah: New perspectives. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988. ~~ The best recent discussion of the Kabbalah.

Idel, Moshe & Bernard McGinn, eds. Mystical union and monotheistic faith: An ecumenical dialogue. New York: MacMillan, 1989. ~~ An investigation of the unio mystica in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ~ Reprinted as Mystical Union in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam : An Ecumenical Dialogue. New York: Continuum, 1996.

James, William. The varieties of religious experience. New York: Mentor Books, 1958. ~~ One of the first Gifford Lectures ever given (1901-1902), James' book has a long section in which he gives examples of mystical experience and outlines a rudimentary phenomenology of mysticism. This is the starting point for many later writers. His (1897) essay "The will to believe" raises questions that complement rather than contribute directly to the study of mysticism.

Jones, Richard. Mysticism examined. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1993. ~~ A collection of Jones' essays from the previous 15 years, he takes an analytic philosophical approach to the questions of mysticism.

Katz, Steven, ed. Mysticism and philosophical analysis (1978). London and New York: Oxford University Press.
___________, ed. Mysticism and religious traditions (1983). London and New York: Oxford University Press.
___________, ed. Mysticism and language (1992). London and New York: Oxford University Press.
All these volumes have important essays in them, not the least of which is Katz' own "Language, Epistemology, and Mysticism" in the first book. That essay set the stage for a debate over the nature of mystical experience that continues today.

Louth, Andrew. The origins of the Christian mystical tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. ~~ Just about anything Louth writes is worth reading (he also did a very good introduction to Pseudo-Dionysius, called Denis the Areopagite, and several essays on patristic-age mystics); this was the best on this topic before McGinn's work.

McGinn, Bernard. The foundations of mysticism. New York: Crossroad Press, 1991. ~~ The first of a promised 4-volume series on the history and theory of mysticism, this is a spectacular beginning. It is wide-ranging, sympathetic to mysticism without being blind to its problems, very well researched, and easy to read. Besides that, it gives intelligent critiques of many other recent writers on mysticism. It is already orders of magnitude better than anything else out there. (Do I sound enthusiastic?). Volume II, The growth of mysticism, continues the strong tradition of scholarship. It covers the period from Gregory the Great to the 12th century.

Otto, Rudolf. The idea of the holy. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. ~~ As the subtitle says, "an inquiry into the non-rational factor in the idea of the divine and its relation to the rational." Technically not mysticism, but Otto (1869-1937) has major implications for mysticism. His later book, Mysticism east and west, which may from the title seem more relevant to a discussion of mysticism, is a seriously flawed attempt to compare Meister Eckhart and Acharya Sankara.

Scholem, Gershom. Major trends in Jewish mysticism. New York: Schocken Books, 1961. (First published in 1941.) ~~ Scholem is the most famous modern interpreter of Jewish mysticism. This provides a good, if somewhat breezy overview.

Scholem, Gershom. Kabbalah. New York: Dorset Books, 1974. ~~ Much more indepth on this important type of Jewish mysticism, although Idel's book is more scholarly.

Staal, Frits. Exploring mysticism. London, England: Penguin, 1975. ~~ Staal argues that mystical experience can be studied in the same way that we would study any other object of scientific investigation, as long as there is some way of inducing actual mystical states in the researcher.

Stace, W. T. Mysticism and philosophy. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott, 1960. ~~ Stace makes some classic distinctions here that have become part of the language of theory of mysticism.

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism, 12th edition. New York: Meridian Books, 1955. ~~ First published in 1910, Underhill tries to consider mysticism from both the outside and the inside. This is an old classic, and worth consulting, even though later works fulfill this project better.

Underhill, Evelyn. Practical mysticism. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1915. ~~ Despite the odd title, this is a good introduction to the life and practice of mysticism. Underhill intends this as a kind of primer to the mystical life.

Weeks, Andrew. German mysticism. Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 1993. ~~ After work on Jacob Boehme, Weeks provides solid treatment of mysticism through about 800 years of German history. Weeks is an historian, and as such contextualizes mysticism in the political, social, and intellectual worlds very well.

Woods, Richard, ed. Understanding mysticism. New York: Image Books, 1980. ~~ A very good collection of essays on mysticism, from a variety of points of view and disciplinary commitments.

Zaehner, R. C. Mysticism: Sacred and profane. London: Oxford, 1961. ~~ Zaehner argues for a difference between theistic and monistic (nature) mysticism, the latter of which is induced by (among other things) drugs.

Literature

Literature
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Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche

Works	Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks · The Birth of Tragedy · On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense · Untimely Meditations · Hymnus an das Leben · Human, All Too Human ·The Dawn · The Gay Science · Thus Spoke Zarathustra · Beyond Good and Evil · On the Genealogy of Morality · The Case of Wagner · Twilight of the Idols · The Antichrist ·Ecce Homo · Nietzsche contra Wagner · The Will to Power (posthumous)

Concepts	Amor fati · Apollonian and Dionysian · Eternal return · Free will · God is dead · Herd instinct · Last man · Master-slave morality · Nietzschean affirmation · Perspectivism · Ressentiment ·Transvaluation of values · Tschandala · Übermensch · World riddle · Will to power

Related	Works about Nietzsche · Comparison with Kierkegaard · Influence and reception of Nietzsche · Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche · Nietzsche-Archiv · Nietzsche Music Project ·Relationship with Max Stirner · My Sister and I

Liberal Hawk

The term liberal hawk refers to an individual generally described as politically liberal who supports a hawkish foreign policy, as opposed to a foreign policy of not using force to intervene with conflicts around the world. Past U.S. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman,John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson have been described as liberal hawks for their roles in bringing about America's status as the world's premier military power. The Clinton Doctrine can also be considered as consistent with this vision. Modernly the term is most frequently used to describe liberals and leftists who supported or still support the decision to invade Iraq in 2003, which was authorized by the United States Congress and ordered by a conservative president, George W. Bush. The war has stirred heated controversy among all political sides of the debate. The consensus among the left reaches very little disagreement about the latter. However, the left was divided over the issue of whether going to war in Iraq was the right decision, as some liberals felt that they should support the war, in accordance with the philosophy of liberal internationalism, which had caused them to support military intervention in the past.

One document often cited as promoting a liberal hawkish point of view is Progressive Internationalism: A Democratic National Security Strategy, published by the Progressive Policy Institute in October 2003. Another document related to this philosophy is a letter to President Bush] sent by Social Democrats USA in February 2003, urging the military overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime.

In January 2004, Berman, Friedman, Hitchens, Packer, Pollack, Weisberg and Zakaria participated, along with Fred Kaplan, in a five-day online forum entitled Liberal Hawks Reconsider the Iraq War, in which they discussed whether they had been correct in advocating military action against Saddam Hussein's regime. Kaplan by that point had renounced his prior support, but the general consensus among the participants was that, despite the absence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, the war had still been justified on humanitarian grounds.

In his book The Good Fight, published in 2006, Beinart renounced his prior support for the Iraq War, saying, "I was too quick to give up on containment, too quick to think time was on Saddam's side."

The Clash of Civilizations

The Clash of Civilizations is a theory, proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold Warworld.

The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",in response to Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.

The term itself was first used by Bernard Lewis in an article in the September 1990 issue of The Atlantic Monthly titled The Roots of Muslim Rage.

Former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami introduced the idea of Dialogue Among Civilizationsas a response to the theory of Clash of Civilizations. The term "Dialogue among Civilizations" became more known after the United Nations adopted a resolution to name the year 2001 as the year of Dialogue among Civilizations.

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Core topics

Cabal · Conspiracy (civil) · Conspiracy (crime) · Conspiracy fiction · Conspiracy (political) ·

Psychology

Attitude polarization · Cognitive dissonance · Communal reinforcement · Confirmation bias · Locus of control · Paranoia · Psychological projection

Manmade or
accidental deaths

Assassination	Eric V of Denmark (1286) · Princes in the Tower (1483) · Abraham Lincoln (1865) · Franz Ferdinand (1914) · Phar Lap (1932) · Sergey Kirov (1934) · Joseph Stalin (1953) ·Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) · Marilyn Monroe (1962) · John F. Kennedy (1963) · Malcolm X (1965) · Robert F. Kennedy (1968) · Martin Luther King Jr. (1968) · Juscelino Kubitschek (1976) ·Pope John Paul I (1978) · Olof Palme (1986) · Zia-ul-Haq (1988) · Kurt Cobain (1994) · Yitzhak Rabin (1995) · Diana, Princess of Wales (1997) · Aaliyah (2001) · David Kelly (2003) ·Alexander Litvinenko (2006) · Benazir Bhutto (2007)

False flag	Sinking of the USS Maine (1898) · Sinking of the RMS Lusitania (1915) · Reichstag fire (1933) · Operation Gladio · USS Liberty incident (1967) · Pan Am Flight 103 (1988) ·Oklahoma City bombing (1995) · Port Arthur massacre (1996) · TWA Flight 800 (1996) · Russian apartment bombings (1999) · 9/11 attacks (Advance knowledge · WTC collapse) ·Madrid train bombing (2004) · London bombings (2005)

Other atrocities and catastrophes	Armenian genocide denial · Titanic alternative theories (1912) · Holocaust denial · Jonestown (1978) · Satanic ritual abuse (Blood libel) · Estonia ferry sinking (1994) ·Columbine High School massacre (1999)

Elizabethan Era

Babington Plot · Bye Plot · Essex Rebellion · Gowrie conspiracy · Gunpowder Plot · Main Plot · Ridolfi plot · Throckmorton Plot

New World Order

Bilderberg Group · Black helicopters · Bohemian Grove · Club of Rome · Council on Foreign Relations · The Fellowship · Illuminati · Judaeo-Masonic-Marxist plot · The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ·Freemasons · North American Union · ODESSA · Skull and Bones · Trilateral Commission

UFO

General	Alien abduction · Area 51 · Bermuda Triangle · Majestic 12 · Men in Black · Project Serpo · Reptilians

Incidents	List of alleged UFO crashes · Tunguska event (1908) · Ghost rockets (1946) · Roswell incident (1947) · Mantell incident (1948) · Rendlesham Forest incident (1980) · Phoenix Lights (1997)

U.S. Government

Apollo moon landing (1969) · Barack Obama's citizenship / religion · CIA drug trafficking · CIA-Kennedy assassination link · CIA-Osama bin Laden link · Dulles' Plan · HAARP · Montauk Project ·October surprise (1980) · Philadelphia Experiment (1943) · Redemption movement · Vast right-wing conspiracy · Vietnam War POW/MIA issue · Waco Siege (1993)

Health, energy,
environment

AIDS origins · AIDS denialism · Chemtrails · Fluoridation conspiracy · Mind control · New Coke (1985) · SARS (2003) · Free energy suppression · Global warming

Other

2012 phenomenon (Nibiru collision) · Bible conspiracy theory · Dominionism · Gay/Lavender Mafia · Homintern · Jesuit conspiracy · Overthrow of Sukarno (1966) · Paul McCartney's death (1966) · Scottish mafia ·Soviet space program (1957–1966) · Elvis Presley's survival (1977) · Vela Incident (1979) · George Soros

Proven
true

Dreyfus affair (1894) · Affaire Des Fiches (1904–1905) · Gleiwitz incident (1939) · Operation Ajax (1953) · Lavon Affair (1954) · Operation Northwoods (1962) · Watergate (1972) · Project MKULTRA (1975) ·COINTELPRO · Operation INFEKTION · Operation Mockingbird · Iran-Contra affair (1986) · Swiss secret files scandal (1989) · Niger uranium forgeries (2001)

Average Solar Altitude at Noon = 90 - l degrees
Highest Solar Altitude at Noon = 90 - l + 23.5 degrees
Lowest Solar Altitude at Noon = 90 - l- 23.5 degrees

Star NameDeclinationSirius-16.5°Vega+38.5°Betelgeux+07.5°Alpha Centauri-60.5°Polaris+89.5°

Date	Declination of the Sun
21 March	00.0°
21 June	+23.5°
23 September	00.0°
21 December	-23.5°
21 March	00.0°

Γνώση-Σοφία-Μύηση

Γνώση : αυτό που μπορούμε να επαληθεύσουμε με πείραμα.
Είναι η επιτομή των τεχνών και των επιστημών.
Είναι η μορφή των πραγμάτων.
Είναι η επιστήμη της Ύλης.

Σοφία : αφορά την ουσία των πραγμάτων.
Είναι η ενορατική σύλληψη της αλήθειας.
Είναι η επιστήμη του Πνεύματος.

Μύηση : κάνω μία αρχή ή εισέρχομαι σε κάτι.
Εισέρχομαι σε μιά νέα φάση αυτής της ζωής ή
εισέρχομαι στην Πνευματική Ζωή.
Διευρύνω τη συνείδηση μου.

Πυθαγόρειος Ηθική

Η Παρόρμηση για τη Γνώση

Η παρόρμηση για τη Γνώση οδηγεί στην Απόφαση για την απόκτηση της Πρώτης Γνώσης και την είσοδο στην Ατραπό.

Το επίπεδο της Συνείδησης που έχει επιτευχθεί μέχρι την είσοδο στην Ατραπό,χρησιμοποιείται για περαιτέρω πραγματοποιήσεις.

Η αντίληψη και η κατανόηση των δυσκολιών που εμποδίζουν την αληθινή γνώση και την πνευματική
άνοδο,οδηγεί στην εξουδετέρωσης τους.

Η ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ ΓΕΝΝΗΘΗΚΕ
από την ανάγκη του ανθρώπου να βάλει τάξη στον κόσμο που τον περιτριγυρίζει και ΝΑ ΟΡΙΣΕΙ ΤΗ ΔΙΚΗ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΣΗ μέσα σ'συτόν.

Η ΔΙΑΝΟΗΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ
είναι μία ακοίμητη περιέργεια,μία δίψα να εξετάσει και να μάθει.
Ο ΝΟΥΣ
έχει την ικανότητα να δουλεύει πιο πέρα απ'τις εντυπώσεις που προμηθεύουν τα αισθητήρια όργανα,να τις συγκρίνει,να βρίσκει ομοιότητες ή σχέσεις ανάμεσα τους,να τις χωρίζει σε ομάδες.Βρίσκει τα κρυμμένα,δηλαδή,τα αίτια και τ'αποτελέσματα.

ΟΙ ΕΠΤΑ ΑΡΕΤΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΠΙΔΙΩΚΟΥΜΕ

The Gang of Seven.Third Reich

ΌΛΑ ΤΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΈΣΜΑΤΑTrials of German Major War Criminals: Volume 14

... what the Hitler Youth did, what names they called him, and it says there were seven Hitler ... In another line, "He gave the gang and the Jew a kick." And then your Party Youth ...
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BUSINESS DIRECTORY
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Books Third Reich
Märkische Allgemeine 'Fest has already put the Führer's gang in its place, in his ... Seven Hitler-youth, who've been stuck into Wehrmacht uniforms, are deployed to defend a bridge ...
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The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 14
Proceedings of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials ... ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHTH DAY Friday, 24 May 1946 Morning Session [The Defendant Von Schirach resumed the stand.]
avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/05-24-46.asp · Σελίδα αποθηκευμένη στο cache

The Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux

his tiny illuminated manuscript was made between 1324 and 1328 for Jeanne d'Evreux, queen of France, who died in 1371. (You can see her on the left, reading, as she kneels in the archway.) It is almost certain that her husband, King Charles IV (1294–1328), commissioned the book from the artist Jean Pucelle. A Book of Hours such as this contains prayers to be recited eight times each day, mimicking the long-established practice of monks and nuns. This manuscript contains two different cycles of prayers, or offices; one set is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and the other to Louis IX, the sainted king of France (1214–1270) and Jeanne d'Evreux's great-grandfather. The offices are composed around the Psalms of King David, and include hymns, standard prayers, and special lessons about the life of Saint Louis, with the Penitential Psalms at the end. In addition, a calendar is inserted at the beginning of the book.

Next

Jeanne d'Evreux, queen of France

Illuminated Manuscripts

Religious Calendar

The Hours of the Virgin

The Hours of Saint Louis

PoS GM

The Dossiers Secrets asserted that the Priory of Sion and the Knights Templar always shared the same Grand Master until a schism occurred during the "Cutting of the elm" incident in 1188. Following that event, the Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion are listed in French as being:

Jean de Gisors (1188–1220)
Marie de Saint-Clair (1220–1266)
Guillaume de Gisors (1266–1307)
Edouard de Bar (1307–1336)
Jeanne de Bar (1336–1351)
Jean de Saint-Clair (1351–1366)
Blanche d'Evreux (1366–1398)
Nicolas Flamel (1398–1418)
René d'Anjou (1418–1480)
Iolande de Bar (1480–1483)
Sandro Filipepi (1483–1510)
Léonard de Vinci (1510–1519)
Connétable de Bourbon (1519–1527)
Ferdinand de Gonzague (1527–1575)
Louis de Nevers (1575–1595)
Robert Fludd (1595–1637)
J. Valentin Andrea (1637–1654)
Robert Boyle (1654–1691)
Isaac Newton (1691–1727)
Charles Radclyffe (1727–1746)
Charles de Lorraine (1746–1780)
Maximilian de Lorraine (1780–1801)
Charles Nodier (1801–1844)
Victor Hugo (1844–1885)
Claude Debussy (1885–1918)
Jean Cocteau (1918–1963)

ΜΑΥΑ

[hide] v • d • e Maya sites

Belize	Altun Ha · Cahal Pech · Caracol · Cerros · Cuello · El Pilar · Lamanai · Lubaantun · Nim Li Punit · San Estevan · Uxbenka · Xunantunich

Guatemala	Aguateca · Altar de Sacrificios · Balberta · Bejucal · Cancuén · Chitinamit · Chocolá · Dos Pilas · El Baúl · El Mirador · El Tintal · El Zotz · Holmul · Iximche · Ixkun · Ixlu ·Kaminaljuyu · La Amelia · La Muerta · Machaquila · Mixco Viejo · Montana · Motul de San José · Naachtun · Nakbe · Nakum · Naranjo · Piedras Negras · Quiriguá · Q'umarkaj ·Río Azul · San Bartolo · San Mateo Ixtatán · Seibal · Takalik Abaj · Tamarindito · Tayasal · Tikal · Topoxte · Uaxactun · Waka' · Yaxha · Zacpeten · Zaculeu · Zapote Bobal

Honduras	Copán · El Puente

Mexico	Aké · Balamkú · Becan · Bonampak · Calakmul · Chacchoben · Chicanná · Chinkultic · Chichen Itza · Chunchucmil · Coba · Comalcalco · Dzibilchaltun · Edzna · Eixequil ·Ek' Balam · Izapa · Jaina · Kabah · Kohunlich · Komchen · Labna · Mayapan · Maní · Muyil · Oxkintok · Palenque · Punta Sur · Río Bec · San Gervasio · Sayil · Tancah ·Toniná · Tulum · Uxmal · Xcaret · Xelha · Xlapak · Xpuhil · Yaxchilan · Yo'okop

El Salvador	Cara Sucia · Joya de Cerén · San Andrés · Tazumal

See also: Pre-Columbian

Knights

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2. Chivalry and Heraldry Links

François Velde's Heraldry Site

Frederic Luz's Excellent Heraldic Site

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Antiques A to Z Worldwide List of Orders

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3. Royal Houses

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4. General

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Links to information on Order of St. John Hospitaller organisations

The Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller

Order of Knights Templar and Order of Christ Links

The British Grand Priory Web Site Map

Duncan's Ritual

This book presents details of Masonic initiation rituals, along with grips, passwords and regalia. Written in the 19th century, Duncan's Ritual, as it is known, has been republished numerous times. It includes the three basic degrees of the Ancient York Rite, and four additional advanced degrees. There are over a hundred illustrations, all reproduced here, which show important details of the rituals, including gestures and symbolic pictures. Duncan's Ritual is careful to note known variations where they exist. This book will be of interest to beginning Masons who want a roadmap of the craft, as well as experienced Masons who need a review.

Title Page
Preface
Entered Apprentice, or First Degrees
Fellow Craft, or Second Degree
Master Mason, or Third Degree
Mark Master, or Fourth Degree
Past Master, or Fifth Degree
Most Excellent Master, or Sixth Degree
Royal Arch, or Seventh Degree
Extracts from a Dictionary of Masonry
Appendix

The Qabalistic and Thelemic Works of Frater Achad

The lamen of Frater Achad

The complete published works of Frater Achad, the magical motto of Charles Stansfield Jones, cabalist extraordinaire.

Charles Stansfeld Jones (1886-1950) was an early aspirant to A∴A∴ (the 20th to be admitted as a Probationer, in December 1909) who “claimed” the grade of Magister Templi as a Neophyte. He also became an O.T.O. initiate, serving as the principal organizer for that order in British Columbia. He worked under a variety of mottos and mantonyms, including V.I.O. (Unus in Omnibus, “One in All,” as an A∴A∴ Probationer), O.I.V.V.I.O., V.I.O.O.I.V., Parzival (as an Adeptus Minor and O.T.O. Ninth Degree), and Tantalus Leucocephalus (as Tenth Degree O.T.O.), but he is best known under his Neophyte motto Achad (Hebr. “unity”), which he used as a byline in his various published writings.
— From “Charles Stansfield Jones” on Thelemapedia

This material presented here is updated from Norton’s Imperium also in The Hermetic Library. Previously, this material was several levels deep on the site, but this Frater Achad material deserves to be a featured part of the collection.

QBL, or The Bride's Reception (PDF)

A basic primer on the Tree of Life from a Thelemic viewpoint. The appendix contains the magickal records of Achad's discovery of his "Restored" Tree of Life.
See also: Q.B.L. or The Bride's Reception: Being A Qabalistic Treatise on the Nature and Use of the Tree of Life

The Egyptian Revival (PDF)

A detailed examination of Frater Achad's "Restored" Tree of Life, its justification in past cabalistic writings, and its relation to Thelemic symbolism. Contains many ideas later adopted (without credit) by other writers.
See also: Egyptian Revival or the Ever-Coming Son in the Light of the Tarot

The Anatomy of the Body of God (PDF)

Achad's magnum opus on cabalistic geometry.
See also: Anatomy of the Body of God

Crystal Vision Through Crystal Gazing (PDF)

The good Frater's classic monograph on this traditional method of scrying and its transformation into higher forms of spiritual vision. Lots of good advice for anyone learning or using any method of scrying.
See also: Crystal Vision Through Crystal Gazing

The Chalice of Ecstasy (PDF)

An analysis of Wagner's Parzival as it relates to the Path of Initiation and Thelema.

Liber 31 (PDF)

The magickal record of Achad's discovery of the Key of Liber AL vel Legis
See also: Liber Thirty-One

31 Hymns to the Star Goddess (PDF)

Prose "verses" to NUIT, in the style of Crowley's Book of Lies. Not great literature, but with some useful content.

INRI

Concerning the symbolism of the Rose and Cross.

Liber QNA

Concerning Names of God.

The Conjuration of Kronos

An invocation of Binah in the Golden Dawn style, thought to be written by Frater Achad.

Additional Notes on Liber Al vel Legis

Comments on Chapter 1, vv. 45-48.

Stepping Out of the Old Æon Into the New

An astronomical metaphor.

New Aeon Test Questions

Achad's Test Questions for the three "grades" of Liber AL.

Previously unpublished works by Frater Achad

Through the efforts of Frater 117 of Yggdrasil Camp, O.T.O. and Bishop T. Allen Greenfield, a number of new articles by Frater Achad were released to the public. These articles were first published (along with commentary and annotations by Bishop Greenfield) in Mjölnir, a quarterly journal from Yggdrasil Camp. (Note: The PDFs of the journal were linked to but not stored here, and there is no HTML version of the first work in The Hermetic Library.)

The Treasure House of Achad

An introduction to this series of Achad works by T. Allen Greenfield. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 1.

Belief vs. Knowledge

An essay contrasting religious belief with direct spiritual experience. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 2.

Mirrors of Life

Concerning subjective relativism and freedom of awareness. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 3.

Freedom

Concerning the enjoyment of life and living. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 4.

Untitled Letter to the Universal Brotherhood

Concerning Right Knowledge. From Mjölnir vol.2 no. 4.

Thinking Backwards

Concerning Crowley's method of discovering "past lives". From Mjölnir vol. 2 no. 3.

Nothing

Concerning the abandonment of all finite characteristics. From Mjölnir v2 no. 1.

Achad's Lamen

Achad's Pantacle

Test Yourself

Anger Test - Abridged Is your temper under control? Take Test	Anxiety Do stress and anxiety interfere with your life? Take Test
Arguing Style How your arguing style impacts your relationships. Take Test	Assertiveness Do you stand up for yourself? Take Test
Attention Can't concentrate? Learn how to focus your attention. Take Test	Attention Span Test Do you focus on a task or zone out? Take Test
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Coping Skills How well do you react to rough times? Take Test	Creative Problem-Solving Don't get stuck in a rut. Take Test
Criticism Can you take negative feedback like a pro? Take Test	Depression Are you suffering from depression? Take Test
Do I Need Therapy? Learn if a psychologist is right for you. Take Test	Does worrying affect your health? Find out if your fretting is taking a toll. Take Test

Global Issues

CIA and Clandestine Ops, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, October 13, 2005Are We Safer?, Gary Schmitt, Dallas Morning News, September 11, 2005Men Without a Country, Ellen Bork, The Weekly Standard, August 15, 2005U.S. Policy on Uzbekistan, Project Memorandum, Daniel McKivergan, June 14, 2005Bolton, the Times, and Unreported Emails, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, April 25, 2005Bolton: Character Assassination, Project Memorandum, William Kristol, April 13, 2005Iran's "Right" to a Nuclear Program, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, March 16, 2005End the Genocide Now, William Kristol and Vance Serchuk, Washington Post , August 22, 2004Terrorism in Beslan, William Kristol, Financial Times, August 9, 2004Backtracking on Proliferation?, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, May 26, 2004Energetic America, Lewis E. Lehrman, Weekly Standard, September 23, 2003Power & Duty: U.S. Action is Crucial to Maintaining World Order, Gary Schmitt, Los Angeles Times, March 23, 2003Multilateralism, American Style, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, September 13, 2002Europeans Courting International Disaster, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, June 30, 2002International Criminal Court, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, January 2, 2001Summary of Statement Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, John Bolton, January 2001Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, October 13, 2000Springtime for Dictators, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, June 25, 2000International Criminal Court, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, June 14, 2000A World of Problems, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, April 10, 2000Russian Psychobabble David Kramer, Washington Times, March 1, 2000Project Memorandum, Mark Lagon, June 23, 1999Indonesia and Democracy, Charles Horner, Project Memorandum, June 1999Sanctions, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, January 13, 1999Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, July 29, 1998After the Indian Tests: Sanctions for India and China, Henry Sokolski and Tim Hoyt, Project Memorandum, May 1998IMF, Congress and American Economic Leadership, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, March 12, 1998Getting Our Dollars' Worth: The IMF and Sound Capital Investment Practices for the 21st Century, Lawrence B. Lindsey, Project Memorandum, March 1998

The 100 Greatest Films

100 Greatest Films

Selection Criteria for Greatest Films

100 "Greatest Films" (alphabetical by title)
- Index *
- Part 1
- Part 2
- Part 3
- Part 4
- Part 5
- Part 6
- Part 7
- Part 8
Another 100 "Greatest Films" (alphabetical)
- Index *
- Part 1
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- Part 7
- Part 8
Third 100 "Greatest Films" (alphabetical)
- Index *
- Part 1
- Part 2
- Part 3
- Part 4
- Part 5
- Part 6
- Part 7
- Part 8
200 Greatest Films (chronological listing of top two lists)
300 Greatest Films (chronological listing of three lists)
Quick Links: All-Film Titles Index (alphabetical by title)
- A-G
- H-N
- O-Z

* Click here to try NOAA's New Solar Calculator *

City:		Deg:	Min:	Sec:	Time Zone
	Lat: North=+ South=-				Offset to UTC (MST=+7):	Daylight Saving Time:
Click here for help finding your lat/long coordinates	Long: East=- West=+				Offset to UTC (MST=+7):	Daylight Saving Time:
Note: To manually enter latitude/longitude, select Enter Lat/Long -> from the City pulldown box, and enter the values in the text boxes to the right.

Month:	Day:	Year (e.g. 2000):	Time: (hh:mm:ss)
			: : AM PM 24hr

Equation of Time (minutes):	Solar Declination (degrees):	Solar Azimuth:	Solar Elevation:	cosine of solar zenith angle

Azimuth is measured in degrees clockwise from north. Elevation is measured in degrees up from the horizon. Az & El both report dark after astronomical twilight.

Form B - Locations Worldwide

Observatory

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Acts of Kindness Charity, Helping People, Caring for Animals, Chesed		Biblical Figures People from the Bible [Tanach]
Blessings and Prayers For Daily and Special Occasions		Calendar Issues Calendar Calculation, Fast Days, Holidays, Shabbat
Clothing and Grooming Styles of Dress, Clothing Materials, Special Garments		Communication Issues in Proper Speech
Death and Mourning Death, Life After Death, The Supernatural		Determining Law General Principles, Loopholes, Mitigating Factors
Dwellings Issues in Owning a Home		Family Issues Marriage, Child-Rearing, Sexuality
Food and Agriculture Farming, Animal Husbandry, Kashrut		Ideology Theological Issues, Issues in Idolatry
Israel The Land, The Cities of Israel, The Mitzvot		Legal System Court Structure, Court Powers, Case Procedure
Ritual Purity Tumah and Taharah - Purity and Impurity		Secular Wisdom Humanities and Sciences
Special People/Animals Social Classes, Positions of Power, Unique Creatures		Supernatural Issues Angels, Demons and the Paranormal
The Temple Beit haMikdash, Offerings, Hekdesh [Sanctified Property]		Torah The Books of the Torah, Torah Scholars
Torah Study The Mitzvah; Methods of Study; Hermeneutics		Transactions and Torts Property Ownership & Acquisition; Laws of Damages

Modern forms of Esoteric Christianity

Many modern Esoteric Christian movements admit reincarnation among their beliefs, as well as a complex energetic structure for the human being (such as etheric body, astral body,mental body and causal body). These movements point out the need of an inner spiritual work which will lead to the renewal of the human person according to the Pauline sense. Max Heindel and Rudolf Steiner gave several spiritual exercises in their writings to help the evolution of the follower. In the same direction are Tommaso Palamidessi's writings, which aim at developing ascetic techniques and meditations. According to all of these esoteric scholars, the ensemble of these techniques (often related with Eastern meditation practices such aschakra meditation or visualization) will lead to salvation and to the total renewal of the human being. This process usually implies the constitution of a spiritual body apt to the experience ofresurrection (and therefore called, in Christian terms, resurrection body).^[21]^[22]^[23] Some Esoteric Christians today also incorporate New Age and traditional "magical" practices in their beliefs, such as Qabalah, theurgy, goetia, alchemy, astrology, and hermetism.

Esoteric Buddhism

Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite (18th Degree) of Freemasonry

"There can be no question of the intimate Christian character and design of the Degree (...) In the Rites and Ceremonies of this Degree, we have presented a Third Temple, successor to both the Temple of King Solomon and to the Temple of Zerubbabel -- the spiritual Temple, the building of which is the ultimate objective of Freemasonry. The Wisdom, Strength, Beauty which supported the ancient Temple are replaced by the Christian pillars of Faith, Hope and Charity; the great Lights remain, for they are not only the essence of Freemasonry, but also fundamentals in their symbolic truths and in the realities of some in the building of true character; the three lesser lights give way to thirty-three, which to most interpreters represent the thirty-three years of the Messiah's sojourn on the earth."

"then as "PHREE MESSEN" or children of light they are instructed in methods of building a new temple without sound of hammer, and when the spirit realizes that it is far from its heavenly home, a prodigal, feeding upon the unsatisfactory husks of the material world, that apart from the Father it is "POOR, NAKED AND BLIND," when it knocks at the door of a mystic temple like that of the Rosicrucians and asks for light, when it receives the desired instruction after due qualification by building and ethereal soul-body, a temple or house eternal in the heavens, not made with hands, and without sound of hammer, when its nakedness is clothed with that house (see Cor. 4.5,) then the neophyte receives "THE WORD," the open sesame to the inner worlds and learns to travel in foreign parts in the invisible worlds. There he takes soul-flights into heavenly region and qualifies for higher degrees under more direct instruction from THE GRAND ARCHITECT OF THE UNIVERSE, who fashioned both heaven and earth. (...) There are 3x3 degrees in the lesser Mysteries; when the candidate has passed the 9th Arch [18/33], he is in the Holy of Holies, which forms the gate to greater fields beyond the scope of Masonry."

Astrological age, Age of Aquarius
Christ (concept), Second Coming
God and the scheme of evolution
Sophia (wisdom)
^ Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion: Selected Papers Presented at the 17th Congress

^ ^a ^b Besant, Annie (2001). Esoteric Christianity or the Lesser Mysteries. City: Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 9781402100291.
^ From the Greek ἐσωτερικός (esôterikos, "inner"). The term esotericism itself was coined in the 17th century. (Oxford English Dictionary Compact Edition, Volume 1,Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 894.)
^ Wouter J. Hanegraaff, Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek, Jean-Pierre Brach, Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, Brill 2005.
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esotericism
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esoteric
^ Cf. Matthew 16:16
^ ^a ^b G.G. Stroumsa, Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism, 2005.
^ The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. Published 1911
^ Tommaso Palamidessi, Introduction to Major and Minor Mysteries, ed. Archeosofica, 1971
^ Frommann, De Disciplina Arcani in vetere Ecclesia christiana obticuisse fertur, Jena 1833.
^ E. Hatch, The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church, London, 1890, Chapter 10.
^ Jean Danielou, Origen, translated by Walter Mitchell, 1955.
^ Haer., lxiv.63
^ Catholic Answers, Quotes by Church Fathers Against Reincarnation, 2004.
^ John S. Uebersax, Early Christianity and Reincarnation: Modern Misrepresentation of Quotes by Origen, 2006.
^ See Reincarnation and Christianity
^ Archeosofica, Articles on Esoteric Christianity (classical authors)
^ Antoine Faivre, L'ésotérisme, Paris, PUF (« Que sais-je?»), 1992.
^ Weber, Charles, Rosicrucianism and Christianity in Rays from the Rose Cross, 1995
^ Rudolf Steiner, Christianity As Mystical Fact, Steinerbooks.
^ Tommaso Palamidessi, The Guardians of the Thresholds and the Evolutionary Way, Archeosofica, 1978.
^ Max Heindel, The Mystical Interpretation of Easter, Rosicrucian Fellowship.
^ Secrets of the Magical Grimoires
^ Phoenix Masonry Scottish Rite Rose Croix 18th Degree Jewel, 2000s
^ Heindel, Max, Freemasonry and Catholicism, ISBN 0-911274-04-9, 1910s

[hide]

Theological thought

Abrahamism · Acosmism · Agnosticism · Animism · Antireligion · Atheism · Dharmism · Deism · Discordianism - Dualism · Esotericism · Feminist theology · Gnosticism · Henotheism · Humanism ·Immanence · Monism · Monotheism · Mysticism · New Age · Nondualism · Pandeism · Pantheism · Polytheism · Process theology · Rastafari - Religious Naturalism · Shamanism · Taoic · Theism ·Thelema - Transcendence · more

Religion portal

Esoteric Christianity | Esotericism | Christianity and the Greco-Roman world

The first true mystery story is considered to be The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe (1841) then there follows The Woman in White (1860) by Wilkie Collins. Collins wrote several more in this genre, including The Moonstone (1868) which is thought to be his masterpiece. The genre began to expand near the turn of century with the development of dime novels and pulp magazines. Books were especially helpful to the genre with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to mystery fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon andCarolyn Keene pseudonyms, respectively (and later written by his daughter, Harriet S. Adams, and other authors). The 1920s also gave rise to one of the most popular mystery authors of all time, Agatha Christie. Christie's books are numerous, though her literary reputation has suffered.

The massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s only increased the interest in mystery fiction. Pulp magazines decreased in popularity in the 1950s with the rise of television so much that the numerous titles available then are reduced to two today (and those are Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine and Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine). The Detective fiction author Ellery Queen (pseudonym of authors Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee) is also credited with the continued interest in mystery fiction thanks to the namesake magazine which began in 1941.

Interest in mystery fiction continues to this day thanks to various television shows which have used mystery themes over the years and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published and frequent the best seller lists. Also, there is some overlap with "thriller" or "suspense" novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists.

An organization for the authors of mystery, detective, and crime fiction was begun in 1945, called theMystery Writers of America. This popular genre has naturally made the leap into the online world, spawning countless websites devoted to every aspect of the genre, with even a few supposedly written by real detectives.

Universe Today Guide to the Constellations

The Universe Today Guide to the Messier Objects

110 Messier Objects,

from M1 (the Crab Nebula) to M110

(a satellite galaxy to Andromeda), and everything in between.

There's also a nice introduction to the Messier Objects, a guide to doing a Messier marathon, and suggestions for stretching your Messier marathon out to a week.

M1 – M2 – M3 – M4 – M5 – M6 – M7 – M8 – M9 – M10 – M11 – M12 – M13 – M14 – M15 – M16 – M17 – M18 – M19 – M20 – M21 – M22 – M23 – M24 – M25 – M26 – M27 – M28 – M29 – M30 – M31 –M32 – M33 – M34 – M35 – M36 – M37 – M38 – M39 – M40 – M41 – M42 – M43 – M44 – M45 – M46 – M47 – M48 – M49 – M50 – M51 – M52 – M53 – M54 – M55 – M56 – M57 – M58 – M59 – M60 –M61 – M62 – M63 – M64 – M65 – M66 – M67 – M68 – M69 – M70 – M71 – M72 – M73 – M74 – M75 – M76 – M77 – M78 – M79 – M80 – M81 – M82 – M83 – M84 – M85 – M86 – M87 – M88 – M89 –M90 – M91 – M92 – M93 – M94 – M95 – M96 – M97 – M98 – M99 – M100 – M101 – M102 – M103 – M104 – M105 – M106 – M107 – M108 – M109 – M110

astronomy

Universe Today

Greek Dialects - Where to Start
Lesbian Aeolic.
Choral Doric
Bucolic Doric
Meter and Recitation
- A general introduction to Greek meter (PDF)
- In Some Comments on the Epic Caesura I give a possible origin for the heroic hexameter, and then analyze the first 21 lines of Iliad A with special attention to the caesura.
- In Reciting the Heroic Hexameter I present one way to recite hexameters. The PDF has links to MP3 examples.
- The Error of Caragounis, a summary of some problems with C. Caragounis' notion that Ancient and Modern Greek are pronounced identically.
- A reference: Words with Digamma in Epic.
- Which word shapes go where: Localization in the Hexameter. On pp.53-57 of Chad Bochan's notes on iambic comp are localization tables for iambic trimeters.
- Epic dialect. As a consequence uncontracted verbs and augmentless aorists seem perfectly natural to me. Please do send me comments if you feel I've skipped over something that should be explained.
  - Alcaeus
  - Anacreon and Anacreontics
  - The Greek Anthology
  - Archilochus
  - Hesiod
  - Homer
  - Homeric Hymns
  - Ibycus
  - Mesomedes
  - Mimnermus
  - Pindar
  - Sappho
  - Simonides of Ceos
  - Solon
  - Theocritus
  - Theognis
  - Anonymous
  - καὶ τὰ λοιπά — random works that don't fit elsewhere
    Delectus Indelectatus: brief, cranky poems, mostly from the Anthology
    Menander, fragment 614 (em Portugeês).

Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PSYOP, PSYOPS), have been known by many other names or terms, including Psy Ops, Political Warfare, “Hearts and Minds,” and evenPropaganda.[1] Various techniques are used, by any set of groups, and aimed to influence a target audience's valuesystems, belief systems, emotions, motives, reasoning, or behavior. It is used to induce confessions or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator's objectives, and are sometimes combined with black operations or false flagtactics. Target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals.

The U.S. Department of Defense defines psychological warfare as:

"The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives."

During World War II the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff defined psychological warfare more broadly stating "Psychological warfare employs any weapon to influence the mind of the enemy. The weapons are psychological only in the effect they produce and not because of the weapons themselves."

Philosophy of Mathematics

Contents
1 History
1.1 20th century
2 Contemporary schools of thought
2.1 Mathematical realism
2.1.1 Platonism
2.1.2 Logicism
2.1.3 Empiricism
2.1.4 Formalism
2.2 Intuitionism
2.3 Constructivism
2.4 Embodied mind theories
2.4.1 New Empiricism
2.4.2 Aristotelian realism
2.5 Fictionalism
2.6 Social constructivism or social realism
2.7 Beyond the traditional schools
2.7.1 Quasi-empiricism
2.7.2 Unification
2.7.3 Language
3 Aesthetics
4 See also
4.1 Related works
4.2 Historical topics
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 External links
7.1 Journals
The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the philosophical assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics. The aim of the philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and to understand the place of mathematics in people's lives. The logical and structural nature of mathematics itself makes this study both broad and unique among its philosophical counterparts.
Recurrent themes include:
What are the sources of mathematical subject matter?
What is the ontological status of mathematical entities?
What does it mean to refer to a mathematical object?
What is the character of a mathematical proposition?
What is the relation between logic and mathematics?
What is the role of hermeneutics in mathematics?
What kinds of inquiry play a role in mathematics?
What are the objectives of mathematical inquiry?
What gives mathematics its hold on experience?
What are the human traits behind mathematics?
What is mathematical beauty?
What is the source and nature of mathematical truth?
What is the relationship between the abstract world of mathematics and the material universe?
Is math an absolute and universal language?
The terms philosophy of mathematics and mathematical philosophy are frequently used as synonyms.The latter, however, may be used to mean at least three other things. One sense refers to a project of formalising a philosophical subject matter, say, aesthetics, ethics, logic, metaphysics, or theology, in a purportedly more exact and rigorous form, as for example the labours of Scholastic theologians, or the systematic aims of Leibniz and Spinoza. Another sense refers to the working philosophy of an individual practitioner or a like-minded community of practicing mathematicians. Additionally, some understand the term mathematical philosophy to be an allusion to the approach taken by Bertrand Russell in his book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.

The Eleven Virtues

Valoright action in the face of any challenge.

NobilityPoise and elegance in both word and deed.

DiscernmentPiercing all glamour to see the Truth in one's self and in

PrideHaving a true sense of one's worth.

CompassionThe vice of Kings!

FidelityLoyalty to one's self, one's comrades and to one's word.

PassionTo do all with love under will.

StrengthThe body is the Temple of God.

DisciplinePerseverance, that the Work may be accomplished.

Self RelianceOnly a free man may walk our path.

HospitalityTo share what one has with others, especially those far from home.

Theory

Core tenets	Nationalism · Imperialism · Authoritarianism · Single party state · Dictatorship · Social Darwinism · Social interventionism · Indoctrination · Propaganda · Anti-intellectualism · Eugenics · Heroism · Militarism ·Economic interventionism · Anti-communism

Topics	Definitions · Economics · Fascism and ideology · Fascism worldwide · Symbolism

Ideas	Actual Idealism · Class collaboration · Corporatism · Heroic capitalism · National Socialism · National syndicalism · State capitalism · State socialism · Supercapitalism · Third Position · Totalitarianism

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Movements

Africa	Greyshirts · Ossewabrandwag

Asia	Brit HaBirionim · Ganap Party ·

Western Europe	Action Française · Black Front (Netherlands) · Breton Social-National Workers' Movement · British Fascists · British People's Party (1939) · British Union of Fascists · La Cagoule ·Clerical People's Party · Estado Novo · Faisceau · Falange · Flemish National Union · General Dutch Fascist League · Imperial Fascist League · National Fascisti · National Front (Switzerland) ·Nationalist Party (Iceland) · National Socialist Dutch Workers Party · National Socialist League · National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands · National Socialist Movement of Norway ·National Syndicalists (Portugal) · National Union (Portugal) · New Party (UK) · Parti Populaire Français · Rexism

Central Europe	4th of August Regime · Arrow Cross Party · Austrian National Socialism · Fatherland's Front · Greater German People's Party · Greek National Socialist Party · Hungarian National Socialist Party ·Italian Fascism · Italian Social Republic · Nasjonal Samling · National Fascist Community · National Fascist Party · National Socialist Bloc · National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden) · Nazism ·Nazi Party · Pērkonkrusts · Sammarinese Fascist Party · Sudeten German Party · Ustaše · ZBOR

Eastern Europe	Albanian Fascist Party · Crusade of Romanianism · Iron Guard · Lapua Movement · National Fascist Movement · National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement ·National Social Movement (Bulgaria) · National Radical Camp · National Radical Camp Falanga · National Romanian Fascia · National Renaissance Front · Patriotic People's Movement (Finland) ·Romanian Front · Russian Fascist Party · Russian Women's Fascist Movement · Slovak People's Party · Union of Bulgarian National Legions

North America	Fascism in Canada · Canadian Union of Fascists · Parti national social chrétien · Red Shirts (Mexico) · Gold shirts · German American Bund · Silver Legion of America

South America	Falangism in Latin America · Brazilian Integralism · Bolivian Socialist Falange · National Socialist Movement of Chile

[hide]

People

Abba Ahimeir · Ion Antonescu · Sadao Araki · Zoltán Böszörmény · Corneliu Zelea Codreanu · Marcelo Caetano · Gustavs Celmiņš · Enrico Corradini · Marcel Déat · Léon Degrelle · Giovanni Gentile · · Heinrich Himmler ·Adolf Hitler · Ikki Kita · Dimitrije Ljotić · Arnold Leese · Ioannis Metaxas · Oswald Mosley · Benito Mussolini · Eoin O'Duffy · Ante Pavelić · William Dudley Pelley · Vidkun Quisling · José Antonio Primo de Rivera ·Konstantin Rodzaevsky · António de Oliveira Salazar · Plínio Salgado · Ferenc Szálasi · Anastasy Vonsyatsky

[hide]

Works

Sculpture	Allach (porcelain)

Film	Der Sieg des Glaubens · Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht · Triumph of the Will

Literature	The Doctrine of Fascism · Fascist manifesto · Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals · Mein Kampf · My Life · The Myth of the Twentieth Century · Revolt Against the Modern World · Zweites Buch ·Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista

Periodicals	La Conquista del Estado · Das Reich (newspaper) · Der Angriff · Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung · Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen · Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden · Figli d'Italia · Fronten ·Gândirea · Gioventù Fascista · Je suis partout · La france au travail · Münchener Beobachter · Novopress · NS Månedshefte · Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift · Das Schwarze Korps · Der Stürmer ·Il Popolo d'Italia · Sfarmă-Piatră · Signal (magazine) · Vlajka · Völkischer Beobachter

Related topics	Art of the Third Reich · Fascist architecture · Heroic realism · Nazi architecture · Nazism and cinema · Nazi plunder

[hide]

Organizations

Institutional	Ahnenerbe · Chamber of Fasci and Corporations · Grand Council of Fascism · Imperial Way Faction · Italian Nationalist Association · Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen · Quadrumvirs

Activist	German American Bund · Russian Fascist Organization · Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys) · Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls) · Union of Fascist Little Ones

Paramilitary	Albanian Militia · Black Brigades · Blackshirts · Blueshirts · Einsatzgruppen · Gold shirts · Greenshirts · Greyshirts · Hitler Youth · Heimwehr · Iron Wolf (Lithuania) · Red Shirts (Mexico) ·Silver Legion of America · Schutzstaffel · Sturmabteilung · Lăncieri · National Union (Portugal) · Makapili · Mocidade Portuguesa · Waffen-SS · Werwolf

International	Axis powers · NSDAP/AO · ODESSA

[hide]

History

1910s	Arditi · Fascio

1920s	Aventine Secession · Acerbo Law · March on Rome · Beer Hall Putsch · Italian economic battles

1930s	March of the Iron Will · 6 February 1934 crisis · 1934 Montreux Fascist conference

1940s	World War II · The Holocaust · Congress of Verona · Denazification · Nuremberg Trials

[hide] Lists

Anti-fascists · Books about Hitler · British fascist parties · Fascist movements by country (A-F · G-M · N-T · U-Z) · Nazi ideologues · Nazi leaders · Speeches by Hitler · SS personnel

[hide] Related topics

Anti-fascism · Anti-Nazi League · Christofascism · Clerical fascism · Cryptofascism · Ecofascism · Esoteric Nazism · Fascist (epithet) · Glossary of Nazi Germany · Hitler salute · Italianization · Italianization of South Tyrol ·Ku Klux Klan · Left-wing fascism · Neo-fascism · Neo-Nazism · Roman salute · Social fascism · Synarchism · Unite Against Fascism · Völkisch movement

Diagrams

A Survey of Venn Diagrams

Frank Ruskey and Mark Weston
Department of Computer Science
University of Victoria
Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6
CANADA

Note: This is an updated version of a survey that first appeared as a Dynamic Survey in February, 1997, and was revised in 2001 and 2005. There is a summary of changes.

The purpose of these pages is to collect together various facts and figures about Venn diagrams, particularly as they relate to combinatorial and geometric properties of the diagrams. Aperiodic updates are planned and comments and suggestions are most welcome.

Organization

Who was John Venn?
- A painting of John Venn
What is a Venn diagram?
- Formal definition of Venn diagrams
  The Borromean Rings
- General constructions of Venn diagrams
Graphs associated with Venn diagrams.
- The planar dual of a Venn diagram
  Venn dual graphs of Venn's construction
- When are two Venn diagrams different?
  Separating vertices
- How many Venn diagrams are there?
- Extending Venn diagrams
  An irreducible diagram
- Minimum vertex Venn diagrams
  Minimum 5-Venn diagrams
- Congruent Venn diagrams
Symmetric Venn diagrams.
- Rotational Symmetry
  Symmetric diagrams for small n
- A general construction for symmetric diagrams
  Symmetric diagrams and necklaces
  Variants on Symmetry
  - Symmetry for non-prime n
  - Venn diagrams and Gray codes
    Gray codes and Edwards' construction
Geometric Variations.
- Convexity
  Six triangles
- Exposure
- Area-proportional diagrams
  Poly-Venn diagrams for 6 and 7 sets
Generalizations and Extensions of Venn diagrams.
- Relaxations of parameters
  k-fold 2-Venn diagrams
- Generalizing symmetry
- Euler diagrams
Open problems.
References.
Acknowledgements.
Footnotes.

The icon to the left appears on all the following pages. Clicking on it will bring you back to this page.

The 7-fold rosette at the top of the page is a Venn diagram for n = 7, called "Victoria." Find out more about it by going to the page on symmetric Venn diagrams for small n.

There are some Venn diagrams on the pages to follow that have not appeared before in the literature, in particular, most of the symmetric Venn diagrams for n=7.

Occult Path

Alchemy: Manfred M. Junius - Practical Handbook of Plant Alchemy. Frater Albertus - Alchemist's Handbook. Jean Dubuis - Spagyrics
Astrology: Rosicrucian Fellowship - Astrology Course, Donna Cuningham - Selected Topics in Chart Interpretation, Judith Bennett, Evangeline Adams - Astrology Your Place among the Stars
Buddhism: Dalai Lama - The Art of Happiness, Jan Westerhoff - Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Investigation, Taigen D. Leighton - Visions of Awakening Space and Time: Dogen and the Lotus Sutra, Bernard Faure - The Red Thread
Chaos Magic: Peter Carrol - Cthonos Rite, Phil Hine - Prime Chaos, David Michael Cunningham - Creating Magickal Entities: A Complete Guide to Entity Creation
Entheogens: Timothy Leary - The Delicious Grace Of Moving One's Hand, Mia Touw - The Religious and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet, Terence McKenna - Alien Dreamtime, Philip H. Farber - Magick and Entheogens
Fourth Way: G.I. Gurdjieff - Beelzebubs Tales to His Grandson, P. D. Ouspensky - Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution, Keith Jarrett - Sacred Hymns of G.I. Gurdjieff
Grimoires: Abraham von Worms - The Book Of Abramelin, Andrew Chumbley - One - The Grimoire of the Golden Toad, Various Authors - A Picatrix Miscellany
Golden Dawn: Pat & Chris Zalewski - The Magical Tarot of The Golden Dawn, Pat Zalewski - Golden Dawn Rituals and Commentaries, Chic and Sandra Tabatha Cicero - Self-Initiation into the Golden Dawn Tradition, Israel Regardie - The Complete Golden Dawn System of Magic
Hinduism: Swami Vivekananda - Complete Works, John Dowson - A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, T.S Ranganathan - See, Learn & Perform Sandhyavandanam
Qabalah: Kabballah Denning & Phillips - Entrance to the Magical Qabalah, Lon Milo Duquette- Qabalah for the Rest of Us, William Gray - Ladder of Lights
Lucid Dreams / Astral Projection: Tony Crisp - Lucid Dreaming, S. Laberge - A Course in Lucid Dreaming, Robert Monroe - Techniques for Astral Projection, Robert Bruce - Astral Dynamics
Rosicrucianism: Paul Foster Case - The True and Invisible Rosicrucian Order, Frances Yates - The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, Jennings Hargrave - The Rosicrucians
Satanism / Left-Hand Path: Michael A. Aquino - Temple Of Set, ONA - Naos: A Practical Guide to Modern Magick, Fraternitas Loki - Satan is Dead, Anton Szandor LaVey - The Satanic Mass
Tarot: Paul Foster Case - Tarot Fundamentals, Lon Milo DuQuette - Tarot Kabbalah & Oracles, P.D. Ouspensky - The Symbolism of the Tarot
Thelema: Theodor Reuss & Aleister Crowley - OTO Rituals & Magick, James Eschelman - The Mystical & Magical System of the A.'.A.'., The Equinox
Wicca: Rose Ariadne - Mastering The Magick Of Witchcraft, Cassadnra Eason - A Practical Guide to Witchcraft and Magick Spells, Scott Cunningham - Wicca A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner
Yoga / Tantra: David Gordon White - Kiss of the Yogini, Swami Janakananda - Experience Yoga Nidra, David Coulter - Anatomy of Hatha Yoga

ONOURIS

Greek name for the god Iniheret, 'He who has brought the far-off one', a name that refers to a late interpretation of certain myths. They tell how the eye of the sky god or sun god abandoned its owner and was then brought back by Onuris. This myth was merged with a similar story in which Onuris brings back the lioness Mehyt from the desert; together these two were long worshipped in This in the nome of Abydos. The Eye of Re was also regarded as a lioness and was then called Sakhmet, but could also be identified with Mehyt. Onuris was a hunter and warrior, who not only destroyed Egypt's enemies, but also those of the gods, such as Apophis. His weapons were a spear and a lasso. Texts from the New Kingdom call Onuris 'the god of gods', 'the king of the sky' and 'he who created himself', thus turning him into a creator and sun god. Onuris also formed associations with other gods in the pantheon, for example he was worshipped as Onuris-Shu. In another version of the story, it was Shu who brought back the Eye, this time as the goddess Tefnut, who in turn could be depicted as a lioness. The myths about the Eye gave Onuris some of the characteristics of Thoth, who healed the Eye of Horus. Onuris was also connected with the war god Montu, perhaps because he was also linked with yet another god, Horus ('with the strong arm'). Because of his characteristics as a fighter, the Greeks identified him with Ares. Representations show the god in human form, usually with a spear and a rope. Occasionally he has the head of a falcon. On his head are four tall feathers. The first evidence for a cult of Onuris comes from the Abydos region. In the Late Period, Nectanebo II built or rebuilt a temple of Onuris-Shu in Sebennytos in the Delta.

ΘΕΜΕΛΙΟΙ ΛΙΘΟΙ - ΣΤΟΧΟΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΥΞΗ

Η Ισορροπία συναντά τη δημιουργικότητα,που είναι μία ανάγκη επενέργειας πάνω σε ανθρώπους και αγαθά,επiδίωξης σχεδίων με σκοπό τη δημιουργία ενός ήρεμου περιβάλλοντος όπου όλοι θα αισθανόμαστε καλά.

Η Ισορροπία θέτει ως αξία την συμπληρωματικότητα των δύο φύλων,που πρέπει να δουλέψουν μαζί,ο καθένας με βάσει τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του :
ο άνδρας ο εκ φύσεως ισχυρός,αλλά συναισθηματικά ασταθής,και περισσότερο ευάλωτος στην τραγωδία,ενώ,
η γυναίκα,σωματικά αδυνατώτερη,αλλά πιο ισορροπημένη ψυχολογικά και λιγώτερο ευάλωτη.
Μέσα από μία σχέση Ισορροπημένης Δύναμης δεν παράγονται σύγκρούσεις.
Αυτή η ανάγκη δράσης επιτρέπει την αποφυγή ανίας,
σημαντικής πηγής προβλημάτων.

Η Αυτονομία σταθεροποιεί τη Συναισθηματική Ισορροπία :
μεγαλύτερη εμπιστοσύνη στον εαυτό,
αυτοσεβασμός που επιτρέπει τη θαρραλέα αντιμετώπιση των πιο σύνθετων προκλήσεων και των πιο μεγάλων δυσκολιών.

Η Γαλήνη είναι εσωτερική ειρήνη,εμπιστοσύνη στη ζωή :
σε πολύ στενή σχέση με τις δυνάμεις της φύσης.
Δεν είναι απαραίτητη η ερμηνεία και ο έλεγχος των πάντων : αποδέχομαι τις δυσκολίες και αφήνομαι να κατευθυνθώ από τη ζωή.
Δεν παλεύω ενάντια στη ζωή,δεν αγχώνομαι.
Αποδέχομαι και προχωρώ.
Ασχολούμαι με την ουσία,δεν αφήνω να με αγγίξουν οι λεπτομέρειες.

ΕΝΣΩΜΑΤΩΝΟΜΑΙ ΣΤΟ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝ,
ΔΕΝ ΕΠΙΔΙΩΚΩ ΝΑ ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΗΣΩ ΣΤΗ ΦΥΣΗ.

Η ικανότητα να αντλήσω από τη φύση την υπόσταση μου συμβάλλει στη σφυρηλάτηση της εμπιστοσύνης στον εαυτό μου και στη ζωή.
Αυτή η στάση εξαλείφει την επιθετικότητα και τη νευρικότητα.

Η Εμπιστοσύνη,που είναι ουσιώδης για να διατηρούν οι άνθρωποι ΕΙΛΙΚΡΙΝΕΙΣ ΣΧΕΣΕΙΣ,εξαφανίζεται εξαιτίας του νοσηρού ανταγωνισμού που διεισδύει παντού :
ο δόλος,η υποκρισία γίνονται συμπεριφορές της ύπαρξης,που μετατρέπουν την εμπιστοσύνη σε ελάττωμα.
Μαζί με την έλλειψη εμπιστοσύνης στους ανθρώπους εμφανίζεται η ΜΟΝΑΞΙΑ,δηλαδή το ΑΝΤΙΘΕΤΟ της ΑΛΛΗΛΕΓΓΥΗΣ.

Η Γαλήνη πολλαπλασιάζει τη δύναμη μου,που,
νικώντας το φόβο και την αμφιβολία,παραμένω ήρεμος.
Ακόμη κι όταν οι καταστάσεις είναι ενάντιες,
βρίσκομαι υπεράνω των φυσικών δυσκολιών και πόνων.
Η βεβαιότητα των δυσκολιών και του πόνου μου επιτρέπει να παρηγορώ τους πιο αδύναμους και αποπροσανατολισμένους : ο καρπός της αυτονομίας αποτελεί εξίσου πηγή ψυχολογικής ισορροπίας.
Μ'αυτή την έννοια η Γαλήνη λειτουργεί ταυτόχρονα ως καρπός της αυτονομίας και πηγή δύναμης.

Η Αλληλεγγύη αποτελεί σχεδόν θρησκεία :
η αλληλοβοήθεια είναι ο πρώτος μας κανόνας.
Η Αλληλεγγύη εκφράζει ένα σκοπό :
τη ΣΥΜΒΙΩΣΗ και τη ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ που βρίσκεται στο κέντρο της ύπαρξης μας.
Η Αλληλεγγύη για εμάς εγκλείει την αμοιβαία και χωρίς όρους υποστήριξη προς όλους,αυξάνοντας την αποτελεσματικότητα τους,χωρίς να δημιουργούμε ανταγωνισμούς.
Χαλαρώνουμε όταν περιτριγυριζόμαστε από συνανθρώπους,
δεν αποκτούμε τον αυτοσεβασμό μας παρά μόνο μέσω της επιδοκιμασίας του δίπλα μας κι ο πόνος κι οι δυσκολίες δεν έχει νόημα παρά μόνο σε σχέση με τους άλλους.
Αυτή η άρνηση της αντιμετώπισης της ζωής με τρόπο ατομικιστικό ανταποκρίνεται σε μιά οργάνωση όπου
ΚΑΘΕΝΑΣ ΕΥΘΥΝΕΤΑΙ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΑΛΛΟ,
όπου οι άνθρωποι είναι ολιγάριθμοι,επομένως ΠΟΛΥΤΙΜΟΙ.
Η Δύναμη του Χαρακτήρα μας προέρχεται απ'την ευθύνη της φροντίδας των άλλων.
Στην Αλληλεγγύη,η Αλληλοβοήθεια και το Μοίρασμα αντιτίθενται στον Εγω'ι'σμό και στον άκρατο Ατομικισμό.
Δεν εγκαταλείπω τους ανάπηρους γονείς μου σε ανώνυμα ιδρύματα ή σε ξενόφερτες ψευτο-γηροκόμες,ούτε τα πεταμένα στο δρόμο ή χτυπημένα ζώα,για να είμαι ελεύθερος να ζήσω τη ζωή μου.
Καλός ο Ουρανός,ας φτιάξω όμως πρώτα αυτά που είναι κοντά μου,δίπλα μου.Ας γίνω Αβατάρα αργότερα ή ας επιβραδύνω τη πνευματική μου εξέλιξη έστω και λίγο.
Αυτή η εικόνα ανακαλεί την αιώνια νεότητα μας,τις παιδικές μας κατασκηνώσεις,ως πεδίο προνομιακής άσκησης αυτής της αξίας : των αληθινών και αγνών ανθρωπίνων σχέσεων.

ΑΡΓΟΙ ΣΤΗ ΛΗΨΗ ΑΠΟΦΑΣΕΩΝ :
Η λήψη μιάς απόφασης σημαίνει,κατά κάποιο τρόπο,εμπλοκή στη ζωή των άλλων,που και θα υποστούν τις συνέπειες.
Σε περίπτωση διαφωνίας είναι το καλύτερο να περιμένω.
Περιμένω και συνήθως τα αποτελέσματα αποβαίνουν καθοριστικά.
Η ανάγκη ανοίγματος και κοινής συμφωνίας,που παρεμποδίζει την ταχεία λήψη αποφάσεων,αντιτίθεται στο δόλο,στον υπολογισμό και στην υποκρισία.

ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ :
Δεν αντιδρώ στην πρόκληση με αντιπαράθεση.
Πιστεύω ότι μόνο οι δυστυχισμένοι άνθρωποι μπορούν να προκαλέσουν.
Πιστεύω ότι είναι καλύτερο να τους προσφέρω οτιδήποτε θέλουν.
Η αντιπαράθεση οδηγεί στο μίσος και στην απώλεια της Γαλήνης.
Η Παθητικότητα αντιπαρατίθεται στην Επιθετικότητα.

ΣΥΝΘΕΤΟΤΗΤΑ :
Οικονομία των λόγων.
Δεν μιλώ χωρίς λόγο.
Επιζητώ να φθάσω κατευθείαν στο ουσιώδες,
χωρίς να σταθώ σε λεπτομέρειες.
Αυτό μου επιτρέπει να έρχομαι σ'επαφή με μιά ΠΡΟΟΠΤΙΚΗ του ΣΥΝΟΛΟΥ που οδηγεί στη Γαλήνη : δηλαδή,
ΟΛΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΛΛΗΨΗ των καταστάσεων.
Η επικέντρωση στις λεπτομέρειες οδηγεί στη μη συνειδητοποίηση των αποτελεσμάτων της πράξης και προκαλεί παρεξηγήσεις ή απώλεια της ουσίας της συζήτησης.
Η αναλυτική σκέψη χάνεται σε λεπτομέρειες και χάνει τον τελικό στόχο της προσπάθειας.

Μ'ΑΥΤΕΣ ΤΙΣ ΑΝΑΠΑΡΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΟΡΤΡΑΙΤΟ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΚΗΣ ΜΑΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ,
ΜΙΑΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΣΤΑΘΕΡΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΡΥΘΜΙΖΟΜΕΝΗΣ,
ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΜΕΝΗΣ ΑΡΜΟΝΙΚΑ ΑΝΑΜΕΣΑ ΣΤΗ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΝ ΑΝΤΡΑ,
ΑΝΑΜΕΣΑ ΣΤΙΣ ΠΙΕΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΕΑΥΤΟ -ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΙΑ- ΚΑΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΠΙΕΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΚΟ -ΜΟΙΡΑΣΜΑ-.

ΟΛΟΙ ΟΙ ΟΡΟΙ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗΣ ΑΥΤΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΘΕΤΙΚΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΘΕΜΕΛΙΑΚΑ ΣΤΟΝ ΕΑΥΤΟ.

Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. This is contrasted withcommunitarian and particularistic theories, especially the ideas of patriotism and nationalism.Cosmopolitanism may entail some sort of world government or it may simply refer to more inclusive moral, economic, and/or political relationships between nations or individuals of different nations. A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called cosmopolitan.
The cosmopolitan community might be based on an inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, or a political structure that encompasses different nations. In its more positive versions, the cosmopolitan community is one in which individuals from different places (e.g nation-states) form relationships of mutual respect. As an example, Kwame Anthony Appiah suggests the possibility of a cosmopolitan community in which individuals from varying locations (physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs (religious, political, etc.).
The word derives from Greek cosmos Κόσμος (the Universe) and polis Πόλις (city).

Marxist propaganda: 1949-1989
Speeches by GDR Leaders	Speeches on the Berlin Wall and more
Miscellaneous Propaganda	A variety of GDR propaganda
Visual Material	Wall propaganda material and posters
Material for Propagandists	What GDR propagandists were reading
Links	Links to other East German propaganda sites

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