C. Fred Bergsten,Ben Shalom Bernanke,Nils Bernstein,Donald M. Berwick,Sir Winfried Franz Wilhelm "Win" Bischoff,Lloyd Craig Blankfein,Len Blavatnik,Michael Rubens Bloomberg,Frederik Bolkestein

C. Fred Bergsten (born 23 April 1941) is an American economist, author, and political adviser. He has previously served as assistant for international economic affairs to Henry Kissinger within the National Security Council and as assistant secretary for international affairs at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. He was director of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, formerly the Institute for International Economics, from its founding in 1981 through 2012 and is now senior fellow and director emeritus. In addition to his academic work, he makes his opinions known to the policy making community and engages with the public with television appearances,[1] writing for influential periodicals such as Foreign Affairs magazine[2]and by writing numerous books.
Bergsten received a BA from Central Methodist University, during which time he was valedictorian of his class and a championship debater, and then earned MA, MALD, and PhD degrees from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He was a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations from 1967 to 1968. In 1969 he became assistant for international economic affairs to Henry Kissinger at the National Security Council where he coordinated US foreign economic policy until 1971. From 1972 to 1976 he was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.
From 1977 to 1981 he served at the U.S. Treasury Department as Assistant Secretary for International Affairs during the Carter administration.[1] He functioned as well as Under Secretary for Monetary Affairs, during 1980-81, representing the United States on the G-5 Finance Ministers' deputies and in preparing G-7 summits.
Bergsten was a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace during 1981. In that same year he founded the Washington-based think-tank, theInstitute for International Economics which was named Top Think Tank in the world in 2008 and again in 2011[citation needed]. He was director of that now renamed organization through 2012 and is now its director emeritus and a senior fellow. He has authored 41 books on a wide variety of global economic topics, most recentlyThe International Economic Position of the United States and China's Rise: Challenges And Opportunities.
In 1991, he was elected chairman of the Competitiveness Policy Council, created by the Congress, and led the council for several years with distinction. During his tenure, the council issued a series of reports on US competitiveness to the President and the Congress. From 1992 through 1995, he was also chairman of the Eminent Persons Group of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, whose recommendations for achieving "free and open trade and investment in the region" by 2020 were agreed by the leaders of the member economies and are now being implemented through the TransPacific Partnership.
In 2001, he co-founded the Center for Global Development along with Edward W. Scott, Jr. and Nancy Birdsall. He is now a member of the President's Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN), a member of the Advisory Committee to the Export-Import Bank of the United States and co-chairman of the Private Sector Advisory Group to the Trade Policy Forum composed of the trade ministers of India and the United States. His career is described and analyzed in C.Fred Bergsten and The World Economy, a book of essays on his contributions to a wide range of global economic issues published by the Peterson Institute for International Economics in 2007 and edited by former Senior Fellow Michael Mussa.

The Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE; Peterson Institute), until 2006 the Institute for International Economics (IIE), is a private, non-profit, and nonpartisan think tank focused on international economics, based in Washington, D.C. It was founded by C. Fred Bergsten in 1981, and is led by Adam S. Posen.
The Institute was founded by C. Fred Bergsten in 1981, in response to a proposal from the German Marshall Fund.[1] It moved to its current award-winning building on Massachusetts Avenue in 2001.
In 2006, a capital campaign led to the creation of a sizeable endowment, strengthening the Institute's independence. Previously known as the Institute of International Economics, it changed its name that same year in recognition of Peter G. Peterson's role in the capital campaign and for his longstanding support of the Institute since the early 1980s.
Adam S. Posen succeeded Bergsten as President on January 1, 2013.[2]
The Institute's annual budget is about $11-12 million and it is financially supported by a wide range of charitable foundations, private corporations, and individuals, as well as earnings from its publications and capital fund.[3]

Ben Shalom Bernanke[1] (/bərˈnæŋki/ bər-nang-kee;[2] born December 13, 1953) is an American economist at theBrookings Institution[3] who served two terms as chairman of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States from 2006 to 2014. During his tenure as chairman, Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis. Before becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave.
From 2002 until 2005, he was a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, proposed theBernanke Doctrine, and first discussed "the Great Moderation" — the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy.
Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. His first term began February 1, 2006. Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by President Barack Obama. His second term ended February 1, 2014 when he was succeeded by Janet Yellen.
As a teenager in the 1960s in the small town of Dillon, Bernanke used to help roll the Torah scrolls in his local synagogue. Although he keeps his beliefs private, his friend Mark Gertler, chairman of New York University's economics department, says they are "embedded in who he (Bernanke) is".[14] On the other hand, the Bernanke family was concerned that Ben would "lose his Jewish identity" if he went to Harvard. Fellow Dillon native Kenneth Manning, who would eventually become a professor of the history of sciences at MIT, assured the family "there are Jews in Boston". Once Bernanke was at Harvard for his freshman year, Manning took him to Brookline for Rosh Hashanah services.[15]

The Brookings Institution is an American centrist think tank based on Embassy Row in Washington, D.C.,[2] in the United States. One of Washington's oldest think tanks, Brookings conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.[3][4] In the University of Pennsylvania's 2012 Global Go To Think Tanks Report, Brookings is ranked the most influential think tank in the world.[5]
Its stated mission is to "provide innovative and practical recommendations that advance three broad goals: strengthen American democracy; foster the economic and social welfare, security and opportunity of all Americans; and secure a more open, safe, prosperous, and cooperative international system".[2]
Brookings states that its scholars "represent diverse points of view" and describes itself as non-partisan,[2][6] while the media most frequently describe Brookings as "liberal-centrist" or "centrist".[7] An academic analysis of Congressional records from 1993 to 2002 found that Brookings was referenced by conservative politicians almost as frequently as liberal politicians, earning a score of 53 on a 1-100 scale with 100 representing the most liberal score.[8] The same study found Brookings to be the most frequently cited think tank by the U.S. media and politicians.[8]
An investigation by The New York Times, reported on September 6, 2014, found the Brookings Institution to be among more than a dozen Washington research groups to have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years, while producing policy papers, hosting forums, and organizing private briefings to pressure U.S. officials to adopt policies aligned with those foreign governments' agenda.[66]
The New York Times published documents showing that Brookings Institution accepted grants from Norway with specific policy requests and helped the country gain access to U.S. government officials, as well as other "deliverables".[67][68] In June, Norway agreed to make an additional $4 million donation to Brookings.[66] Several legal specialists, who examined the documents between the Norway government and Brookings at The Times's request, told the paper that the language of the transactions "appeared to necessitate Brookings filing as a foreign agent".[68]
The Qatari government was named by The New York Times as "the single biggest foreign donor to Brookings", having reportedly made a $14.8 million, four-year contribution last year.[66] A former visiting fellow at a Brookings affiliate in Qatar reportedly said "he had been told during his job interview that he could not take positions critical of the Qatar government in papers".[66] Brookings officials denied any connection between the views of their funders and their scholars work, citing reports that questioned the Qatari government's education reform efforts and criticized its support of militants in Syria. However, Brookings officials also reportedly acknowledged that they meet with Qatari government officials regularly to discuss the center's activities and budget, and that the former prime minister of Qatar currently serves on the center's advisory board.[66]

Nils Bernstein (født 4. januar 1943) var 2005-2013 kgl. direktør (dvs. formand for direktionen) for Danmarks Nationalbank. Han efterfulgte Bodil Nyboe Andersen på posten og blev efterfulgt af Lars Rohde.
Bernstein er vokset op på Sundholm (dengang en arbejdsanstalt for alkoholikere) på Amager, hvor faderen var ansat. Han er den mellemste af tre børn. Han har siden 1964 været gift med Ulla, og de har 2 børn, en dreng og en pige.[1]
I de følgende år var han departementschef i forskellige ministerier:
Han var i 1996-2005 tillige statsrådssekretær.
Bernstein er ikke dekoreret og må altså have afslået af modtage Dannebrogordenen.

Donald M. Berwick (born 1946) is a former Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Prior to his work in the administration, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement[1] a not-for-profit organization helping to lead the improvement of health care throughout the world. On July 7, 2010, Barack Obama appointed Berwick to serve as the Administrator of CMS through a recess appointment. On December 2, 2011, he resigned because of heavy Republican opposition to his appointment and his potential inability to win a confirmation vote.[2] On June 18, 2013, Berwick declared his candidacy for governor of Massachusetts, but lost the Democratic Party nomination to Attorney General Martha Coakley.[3]
Berwick has studied the management of health care systems, with emphasis on using scientific methods and evidence-based medicine and comparative effectiveness research to improve the tradeoff among quality, safety and costs.[4][5][6]Among IHI's projects are online courses for health care professionals for reducing Clostridium difficile infections, lowering the number of heart failure readmissions or managing advanced disease and palliative care.[7] In March 2012 he joined the Center for American Progress as a Senior Fellow. [8]

Sir Winfried Franz Wilhelm "Win" Bischoff (born 10 May 1941) is an Anglo-German banker and former chairman of Lloyds Banking Group. He previously servedas chairman and interim CEO of Citigroup in 2007.[1][2] He was succeeded as CEO by Vikram Pandit on 11 December 2007. Bischoff stepped down as chairman on 23 February 2009 and was replaced by Richard Parsons.[3] He has dual British and German citizenship.[4] Bischoff was knighted in 2000.
He was born in Aachen, Germany and had an early education in Cologne and Düsseldorf. In 1955 he moved to Johannesburg where he received a Bachelor of Commerce degree at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1961.
He worked in the International Department of Chase Manhattan Bank from 1962 to 1963.[5]
He joined J. Henry Schroder & Co. Limited in London in 1966 in its Company Finance Division. In 1971 he became Managing Director of Schroders Asia Limited inHong Kong. He became Group Chief Executive of Schroders plc in December 1984. Schroders was worth £30 million when he took over. Bischoff became Chairman of Schroders plc in May 1995. In 2000 the investment banking division of the company was acquired for £1.3 billion by Citi through its Smith Barney subsidiary.[6] The new investment company was temporarily called Schroder Salomon Smith Barney.
He joined Citi as Chairman of Citigroup Europe and was a member of The Operating Committee of Citigroup Inc., a position he held until appointed Chairman in November 2007. He is a non-executive director at McGraw-Hill, Eli Lilly and Company, Land Securities, Akbank and Prudential. He was the Chairman of the British educational charity Career Academies UK from its inception until 2013, when he stepped down and was replaced by Heather McGregor.
On 27 July 2009, he was appointed as Chairman designate of Lloyds Banking Group and took up the position of Chairman on 15 September 2009.
He is a member of the 30% Club, a group of FTSE-100 Chairmen committed to having at least 30% of their Boardmembers being female.[7]

Lloyd Craig Blankfein (born September 20, 1954) is an American business executive. He is the CEO and Chairman ofGoldman Sachs. He assumed this position upon the May 2006 nomination of former CEO Henry Paulson to United States Secretary of the Treasury.
Blankfein is the Gala Chairman of the Rockefeller family's Asia Society, based in New York. Additionally, he serves on the board of the Robin Hood Foundation, a charitable organization, whose goal is to alleviate poverty in New York, and he serves on the Board of Overseers of Weill Cornell Medical College.

Len Blavatnik (Russian: Леонид Валентинович Блаватник, Leonid Valentinovich Blavatnik) (born June 14, 1957) is a Ukrainian-born American businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He has made his fortune through business via diversified investments in a myriad of companies through his conglomerate company, Access Industries.
In the Sunday Times Rich List 2014, Blavatnik was listed as the fourth richest person in the UK,[16] down from second place in 2013 after a reported loss of £1 billion. Forbes ranks Blavatnik as the world's 32nd richest person, with an estimated fortune of US $21.8 billion (Sept 2014).[1]
Blavatnik was born in Odessa to a Russian(Ukrainian)-Jewish family.[2][3] He unsuccessfully applied to Moscow State University; he was refused admission due to his Jewish descent. He attended Moscow State University of Railway Engineering, but did not complete his coursework due to the family's request for immigration visa's approval. His family emigrated to the United States in 1978, and he received a masters in computer science from Columbia University and an MBA degree fromHarvard Business School in 1989.[4] In the West, he is known as Len Blavatnik.[2]
In 1986, he founded Access Industries, an international conglomerate company located in New York, of which he is chairman and president. Access has long-term strategic holdings in Europe, North and South America. Initially, he moved into Russian investments, just after the fall of communism. He and a friend from university,Viktor Vekselberg, formed the Renova investment vehicle, and then the two joined with Mikhail Fridman's Alfa Group to form the AAR venture.[5] Access has diversified its portfolio to include investments in industries such as oil, entertainment, coal, aluminum, petrochemicals and plastics, telecommunications, media, and real estate.
Access Industries bought petrochemicals and plastics manufacturer Basell Polyolefins from Royal Dutch Shell and BASF for $5.7 billion in August 2005. On December 20, 2007, Basell completed its acquisition of the Lyondell Chemical Company for an enterprise value of approximately $19 billion. The resulting company,LyondellBasell Industries is the world's eight largest chemical company based on net sales.[6] On January 6, 2009, the U.S. operations of LyondellBasell Industries filed for bankruptcy. On April 30, 2010, LyondellBasell emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in a significantly improved financial position. As part of its exit financing, LyondellBasell raised $3.25 billion of first priority debt as well as $2.8 billion through the rights offering jointly underwritten by Access Industries, Apollo Management, and Ares Management.[7] LyondellBasell stock has increased 103% in value since April 2010. Access currently owns approximately 14% of LyondellBasell.
In early 2010, Access Industries was reported as one of the handful of bidders for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.[8] In 2010, Blavatnik sued JPMorgan Chase after losing $100 million after following Morgan's advice to buy mortgage securities of AAA credit rating in 2007.[9] JPMorgan Chase was ordered to pay $50 million to Blavatnikon August 27, 2013.[10] AAR gained a controlling stake in Russian oil company TNK through privatization auctions, then in 2003 a sold 50% stake to British Petroleum to form TNK-BP, one of Russia's largest oil companies, where Blavatnik served on the board of directors. On March 21, 2013, Rosneft completed its $55 billion acquisition of TNK-BP. Blavatnik also has interests in UC Rusal, the world's largest aluminum producer, where he sits on the board. On May 6, 2011, Warner Music Group announced its sale to Access for US$3.3 billion.[11] On July 20, 2011, an Access affiliate acquired Warner Music Group for $3.3 billion.
Blavatnik is also a member of the Global Advisory Board of the Centre for International Business and Management at Cambridge University, a member of the board of Dean's Advisors at the Harvard Business School and a member of the academic board at Tel Aviv University.
Blavatnik, the Blavatnik Family Foundation and Access companies have supported many cultural and philanthropic institutions over the past 15 years, including serving as the primary benefactors for numerous, major art and cultural exhibitions, including the British Museum, Tate Modern, Royal Opera House, National Portrait Gallery and Museum of Modern Art. Since 2007, the Blavatnik Family Foundation has supported the Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists together with the New York Academy of Sciences. The annual award recognizes the accomplishments of outstanding young scientists in life sciences, physical sciences and engineering and provides all finalists with a significant cash prize.[12]
Blavatnik sponsors a Colel Chabad 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) food bank and warehouse in Kiryat Malakhi, Israel, which sends monthly food shipments to 5,000 poor families in 25 Israeli cities, and before Jewish holidays to 30,000 families in 73 Israeli cities, towns and villages.[13]
In 2010, it was announced that Blavatnik and the Blavatnik Family Foundation would donate £75 million to the University of Oxford to establish a new school of government.[14] The gift is one of the largest philanthropic gifts in the university’s 900-year history. Blavatnik has also indicated the possibility of increasing his benefaction up to £100 million over time. The Blavatnik School of Government began accepting students in September 2012. The new permanent home of the school will be constructed on the Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in Oxford. Architects of the buildings, which are scheduled to be finished by summer 2015, are the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron. The first dean of the school is professor Ngaire Woods. In 2013, Harvard announced a $50 million donation from Blavatnik's foundation to sponsor life sciences entrepreneurship at the university.[15]

Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American business magnate, politician and philanthropist. He served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms beginning withhis first election in 2001. With a net worth of $36.5 billion, he is the tenth-richest person in the United States[1] and the thirteenth-wealthiest in the world.[1]
He is the founder, CEO and 88% owner of Bloomberg L.P., the global financial data and media company that bears his name and is notable for its Bloomberg Terminal, which is widely used by investment professionals around the world.[2][3]
Bloomberg began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers before forming his company in 1981 and spending the next twenty years as its chairman and CEO.[4] He also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater Johns Hopkins University from 1996 to 2002.[1] A Democrat before seeking elective office, Bloombergswitched his party registration in 2001 to run for mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in a close election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Bloomberg won a second term in 2005 and left the Republican Party two years later.[4] He campaigned to weaken the city's term limits law and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an independent candidate on the Republican ballot line.
He was frequently mentioned as a possible candidate for the U.S. presidential elections in 2008 and 2012,[5] and for New York Governor in 2010. He declined to seek either office, instead opting to continue serving as Mayor of New York. On January 1, 2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as mayor of New York City.[6] On September 3, 2014, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, it was announced that Bloomberg would return to Bloomberg L.P. and re-assume the position of CEO at the end of 2014.[7]
In September 2013, Forbes reported Bloomberg's wealth as $33 billion and ranked him as the 13th richest person in the world. In March 2012, Forbes reportedBloomberg's wealth at $22 billion, ranking him 20th in the world and 11th in the United States.[1] In March 2009, Forbes reported Bloomberg's wealth at $16 billion, a gain of $4.5 billion over the previous year, enjoying the world's biggest increase in wealth in 2009.[26] At that time, there were only four fortunes in the U.S. that were larger (although the Wal-Mart family fortune is split among four people). He moved from 142nd to 17th in the Forbes list of the world's billionaires in only two years (March 2007 – March 2009).[27][28]

Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfreːdərɪk frɪdz ˈbɔlkəstɛin], About this sound Frits Bolkestein (help·info)) (born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He served as aMember of the House of Representatives from 16 January 1978, until 5 November 1982, when he became State Secretary for Economic Affairs from 5 November 1982, until 14 July 1986, in the Cabinet Lubbers I. And again aMember of the House of Representatives from 3 June 1986, until 24 September 1988, when he became Minister of Defence from 24 September 1988, until 7 November 1989, in the Cabinet Lubbers II. He again returned to the House of Representatives on 14 September 1989, and nine months later on 1 May 1990, he became the Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy party leader. He served in this position for eight years until 30 July 1998.
From 15 September 1999, until 22 November 2004, he was the European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services. In the European Commission, Bolkestein was responsible for internal market taxation and customs union issues. Some of the more politically sensitive items in his portfolio were the draft community patent regulation and the draft directives on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions and services in the internal market, the so-called "Bolkestein Directive", which has become the focus of heated debate.
Named after Frits Bolkestein, the Directive on services in the internal market aims at enabling a company from a given member-state to recruit workers in other European Union countries using the law of its home country. It triggered huge protests in Europe.[citation needed] This directive was voted in the European Parliament in March 2006 and the MEPs proposed amendments to the provisional text. The "principle of origin", which stipulates that workers are employed under the legal arrangements of their own state of residence, was replaced by a new "freedom" principle – freedom to provide services, meaning that administrative obstacles should be removed. The compromise allowed the draft Directive to continue to exist. However there was a great deal of concern about its effect on social standards and welfare, triggering competition between various parts of Europe. This led to significant protests across Europe against the directive including a notable protest at the European Parliament in Strasbourg by port workers which led to damage to the building. MEPs eventually reached a compromise on the text and the Parliament adopted it on 12 December 2006; 2 years after Bolkestein left office, under theBarroso Commission.
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