AN EXOTIC IMPORT from Europe, American neo-Nazism has always
transcended American nationalism. American neo-Nazis regard themselves
as the brothers of all white men in a global movement of racial nationalism.
While they remain fixated on the figure of Adolf Hitler as the lost savior of the
Western world, his German nationalist horizons are superseded by their
wider vision of a pan-Aryan movement led by the United States as the leading
white power of the postwar world. American neo-Nazism traces its roots
to the early 1950s, when the anti-communist ideology of the Cold War could
find a nostalgic model in Hitler’s attempted destruction of the Soviet Union.
Neo-Nazism quickly stigmatized liberalism and the American Jews as the
aides and abettors of communism in a violent anti-Semitism based on Nazi
models.However, it was desegregation and the black civil rights movement of
the early 1960s which have provided the enduring political motivation for
American racial nationalism.
The social enfranchisement of black Americans,
forced integration, busing affirmative action and equal opportunities led the
American neo-Nazis to cast themselves in a white supremacist role.
When
large-scale Hispanic and other Third World immigration began in the 1980s,
American neo-Nazism regarded itself as the front-line defense of America’s
survival as a white nation. The changing ethnic composition of the United
States is a profound issue, as is the political cohesion of an increasingly diverse
multicultural society.
The progression of American neo-Nazism from George
Lincoln Rockwell in the 1960s to William Pierce in the 2000s illustrates how
the religious myths of German National Socialism are brought to bear on dramatic
cultural changes in American demography and identity.
The self-styled Führer of the 1960s, George Lincoln Rockwell will always
be identified as the founder of the overtly pro-Hitler, postwar Nazi movement
in the United States. Rockwell’s extravagant praise for Hitler, his violent
racism against the Jews and blacks, allied with excess and exhibitionist tactics,
have ensured him a lasting place in the folklore of American political extremism.
Works
In Hoc Signo Vinces, a political manifesto (World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists, 1960)
How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum, recounts his experience of being sentenced to thirty days observation (American Nazi Party, 1960)
The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens, a long-form poem that uses various sub-species of birds to illustrate Rockwell's own views of the racial problems in America and the world.
This Time the World, his autobiography (written 1960; First Published by Parliament House 1961; Reprinted by White Power Publications, 1979; and later Liberty Bell Publications, 2004, ISBN 1-59364-014-5).
White Power (written 1967; John McLaughlin, 1996, ISBN 0-9656492-8-8)
Despairing of his earlier political efforts with old-style far-right groups,
Rockwell founded his American Nazi Party in 1959, adopting a brazen Nazi
image complete with swastika flags, stormtroopers and open declarations of
his intentions to gas the Jews. He fantasized that he would become president
of the United States by 1973 and that he would enjoy the support of a Senate
and House of Representatives made up of members of his party.His political
program was firmly grounded in a policy of “white survival” which aimed at
the wholesale repatriation of all American Negroes to Africa and at the extermination
of the Jews, whom he regarded as the architects of racial desegregation,
national decline and cultural degeneracy.
A mixture of clowning and provocation characterized all of Rockwell’s
public appearances. Soon after founding the party, Rockwell and his men regularly
picketed theWhiteHouse with signs that read
“Save Ike from the kikes,”
“The only communist party in the Middle East is in Israel,”
“Gas red Jewish spies” and
“Communism is Jewish.”
In 1961 Rockwell drove a “Hate Bus”
through the South until his party was apprehended at New Orleans. The sides
of the vehicle were hung with notices such as “We do hate race-mixing” and
“We hate Jew-Communism.” Back inWashington, his stormtroopers used to
drive a bus around the city bearing the slogan: “Rockwell is right!Who needs
niggers?” In Boston and Philadelphia, the party picketed cinemas showing the
popular film Exodus, which told the story of Jewish immigrants to Israel after
WorldWar II, with banners demanding “America forWhites and Gas Chamber
for Traitors.”Throughout the mid-1960s,Rockwell and hisAmericanNazi
Party were involved in numerous protests and disruptions. Charges against
stormtroopers ranged from fighting, loitering, vagrancy and assault to desertion,
criminal defamation and unlawful possession of firearms.
What makes an American Nazi? Examining Rockwell’s life, one finds a
mixture of religious conviction and idealism driving a noisy program of anti-
Semitism and anti-communism, white supremacy and eugenics. His exhibitionist
tactics were very likely influenced by his parental background.
George Lincoln Rockwell was born on 9 March 1918 in Bloomington, Illinois, the eldest
son of theatrical performers. His father, George Lovejoy “Doc” Rockwell,
was a vaudeville comedian of English and Scottish ancestry with a top act on
Broadway and well known on radio and in the leading theaters of the country.
His mother, born Claire Schade, was a young German-French toe dancer,
part of a family dance team. Following his parents’ divorce, he spent his childhood
staying with his mother in rural Illinois and his father on the Maine
coast, where regular house guests included
Fred Allen, Benny Goodman and Groucho Marx.
After completing prep school at Hebron Academy, Rockwell attended
Brown University in 1938 to study philosophy and sociology. He quickly be-
came politicized against the liberal, egalitarian tenor of social science and his
teachers. Later, he became convinced that liberalism was the “pimping little
sister” of communism.His grades were poor but he was art editor of the campus
magazine, Sir Brown. His cartoons ranged from the humorous to comicbook
horror with images of violence, destruction and bombings.The
prospect of war offered a welcome relief from his studies. Eager for action,
high-strung and edgy, Rockwell was swayed by the contemporary buildup of
anti-German opinion. By March 1941, he had enlisted in the Naval Air Corps
and quickly won his wings.He served as a naval aviator flying anti-submarine
missions in the South Atlantic and South Pacific throughout World War II,
commanded the naval air support at the battle for Guadalcanal and during
the invasion of Guam in August 1944 and was demobbed with the rank of
lieutenant commander and several decorations in October 1945.3
Meanwhile, he had married a girl he had known as a student at Brown.
Rockwell spent the first five years after leaving the navy studying art and then
taking a variety of jobs as a commercial photographer, a painter, an advertising
executive and a publisher in Maine and New York. He showed some
promise as a commercial artist, enrolling at the Pratt Institute in New York. In
1948 he won a $1,000 prize in a national art contest sponsored by the National
Society of Illustrators. But war again intervened in his career. In 1950, with
the outbreak of the Korean War, Rockwell returned to active duty, training
fighter pilots in southern California. His involvement with the Korean conflict
bred in him an enduring hatred of communism and a paranoid fear that
it would undermine the United States.
It was here that Rockwell first became politically engaged in the campaign
to have the military hero General Douglas MacArthur elected president. The
anti-communist revelations of Joseph McCarthy also dominated this period,
and Rockwell was deeply suspicious of the motives of those who sought to
discredit him. An old lady in San Diego involved in the MacArthur campaign
showed him some newspapers that she claimed were controlled by
Jews and out to smear both men.
She introduced him to McCarthy’s speeches and Conde McGinley’s anti-Semitic newspaper, Common Sense,which contained startling revelations of a secret Jewish-communist plot behind
the scenes of twentieth-century history.
She also encouraged him to attend a speech of
the veteran anti-Semite and rabble-rouser Gerald L. K.Smith
in Los Angeles. Rockwell was overwhelmed by Smith’s emotive exposure
of the Jewish conspiracy and bid for world power.Through further
reading in the San Diego public library, he became convinced of the existence
of a Jewish-communist world conspiracy. Rockwell was staggered by
both the seeming magnitude of the conspiracy as well as the official and
media silence concerning its existence. Down in the dark book stacks of the
San Diego library one autumn day in 1950, Rockwell experienced illumination
and political awakening. He had always felt that the world was out of
joint, that mischief was afoot, but now he felt he held the key to the past and
the present.
But how could he fight against this monstrous and universal plot?
Given the apparent enormity of the Jewish world conspiracy, Rockwell now wondered why America had gone to war on the side of the communist Soviet Union and opposed “Christian Germany, which never had a single highly placed spy in [America], and no plans for conquering the world.”
The example of Adolf Hitler and his crusade against world Jewry and communism quickly came to mind. Rockwell believed Hitler had understood the Jewish menace from the outset of his career and that the Jews had involved Britain and America in the conflict for their own interests.
Early in 1951,Rockwell found a copy of Mein Kampf in a local bookshop, read it and saw
the world anew:
[Here] I found abundant “mental sunshine,” which bathed all the gray world
suddenly in the clear light of reason and understanding.Word after word, sentence
after sentence stabbed into the darkness like thunderclaps and lightningbolts
of revelation, tearing and ripping away the cobwebs of more than
thirty years of darkness, brilliantly illuminating the mysteries of the heretofore
impenetrable murk in a world gone mad. I was transfixed, hypnotized. . . . I
wondered at the utter, indescribable genius of it. . . . I realized that National Socialism,
the iconoclastic world view of Adolf Hitler, was the doctrine of scientific
racial idealism—actually a new religion.
Thus was George Lincoln Rockwell converted to the religion of National Socialism.
In later years he would write that “future generations will look upon
Adolf Hitler as the White Savior of the twentieth century, and the
Fuehrerbunker in Berlin as the Alamo of the White race.”
Some eight years were yet to elapse before he became an outspoken Hitlerite
at the head of the American Nazi Party.Meanwhile, in November 1952,
the navy had assigned him to a base at Keflavik in Iceland, where he spent two
years as a F8F Bearcat pilot and achieved the rank of commander.Here he met
his second wife, Thora Hallgrimsson, a member of a prominent local family
and the niece of Iceland’s ambassador to the United States. Rockwell was still
engrossed in Mein Kampf and took his bride to Berchtesgaden, Germany, for
their honeymoon. They made a pilgrimage to Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest in a mood
of reverence and fascination.On returning to civilian life, he decided to enter
magazine publishing, hoping to find both a livelihood and a forum for his po-
litical ideas.He was also active among right-wing groups, attempted to launch
an American Federation of Conservative Organizations and tried to advance
by concealing his Nazi hard-core ideology behind a respectable front. But
eventually he despaired of this strategy as it failed to attract dedicated racists
and anti-Semites.
Prompted by a series of recurrent dreams in the winter of 1957–58 that always
ended with his meeting Hitler, he decided to go public against what he
perceived as Jewish power in America, with the financial patronage of Harold
N.Arrowsmith, a wealthy anti-Semite.
At Arlington,Virginia, they formed the National Committee to Free America from Jewish Domination. After a maverick campaign for the governorship of Georgia, Rockwell’s first opportunity for confrontation was provided by the U.S. government’s military aid in May
1958 for the Chamoun regime in Lebanon, which was unpopular with
Lebanese Arabs but enjoyed the support of the Israelis. On 29 July 1958 Rockwell
led a picket of the White House, protesting against Jewish influence on
the government, and organized simultaneous demonstrations in Atlanta,
Georgia and Louisville, Kentucky. Earlier in the year, Rockwell had been involved
in the founding of the National States Rights Party, a new anti-Semitic
and racist party in Georgia.When a synagogue was blown up in Atlanta on
12 October, the police seized Rockwell’s supporters there, and newspapers
around the world carried stories implicating Rockwell. Now he and his family
were harassed and his home was attacked; Arrowsmith retreated from the
glare of the publicity and withdrew his support.
His wife and children soon found the strain too great and returned to Iceland.
Deserted by his family and former supporters, Rockwell faced a bleak
and solitary future in the early months of 1959. One cold March morning in
his house at Arlington, he found himself alone communing with a huge
swastika banner and a plaque of Hitler. Following another “religious experience”
involving a brief state of universal awareness, he became convinced he
had to fulfill Hitler’s mission in a total, global victory over the forces of
tyranny and oppression. He would henceforth become an overt National Socialist
and self-proclaimed devotee of Hitler, abandoning all thought of liaison
with conservative groups and respectability. He proudly displayed his
Nazi banner, recruited a handful of stormtroopers to whom he issued
grayshirt uniforms and swastika armbands, mounted a large illuminated
swastika on the roof of his house and founded the American Party, later
called the American Nazi Party. Besides the party headquarters at his house
at 2507 North Franklin Road in Arlington, Rockwell also maintained a barracks
in a run-down farmhouse nearby for his growing detachment of
stormtroopers.
Once Rockwell had decided on a flagrant, open avowal of Nazism, his activity
was wholly directed toward the provocation of the Jewish enemy and
society at large, which he regarded as its passive victim. Besides flaunting their
Nazi uniforms and insignia, he and his stormtroopers missed no opportunity
to shock and outrage domestic opinion. From 1960 onward, his brash and
sensational exploits were designed to achieve maximum press coverage for an
otherwise crackpot fringe group that numbered no more than two hundred
members at its peak.Surrounded by fluttering Stars and Stripes and
swastika flags, Rockwell held speeches before curious crowds and eager reporters
advocating a national and then global program of eugenics to purify
the Aryan race.
He ceaselessly denounced the Jews as representatives of Marxism,
unbridled capitalism, racial degeneration and cultural bolshevism and
demanded their trial and execution by gassing.
Rockwell effectively forced the
media to give him publicity by concentrating on the distribution of imflammatory
leaflets, creating public incidents and haranguing crowds to provoke
violent opposition.14 The American Nazi Party also pursued a racist policy toward
blacks. Rejecting all race mixing and desegregation as Jewish wiles to
mongrelize the American racial stock,Rockwell proposed to resettle all American
Negroes in a new African state, to be funded by the U.S. government.He
even appeared as a guest speaker at a major convention of Black Muslims in
Chicago on 25 February 1962, where he told an audience of more than twelve thousand that
he considered Elijah Muhammad the Adolf Hitler of the black man.
Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 – February 25, 1975) was an African American religious leader, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali; and his son Warith Deen Mohammed.
Nation of Islam
In August 1931, at the urging of his wife, Elijah Poole attended a speech on Islam and black empowerment by Wallace D. Fard. Afterward, Poole said he approached Fard and asked if he was the redeemer. Fard responded that he was, but that his time had not yet come.Poole soon became an ardent follower of Fard and joined his movement, as did his wife and several brothers. Soon afterward, Poole was given the Muslim surname, first to Karriem, and later at Fard's behest, to Muhammad. He assumed leadership of the Nation's Temple No. 2 in Chicago.His younger brother Kalot Muhammad became the leader of the movement's self-defense arm, the Fruit of Islam.
Fard was arrested during a police investigation of a ritual murder and later released on the condition that he leave Detroit. He relocated to Chicago and continued to oversee the movement from Temple No. 2. He turned over leadership of the growing Detroit group to Elijah Muhammad, and the Allah Temple of Islam changed its name to the Nation of Islam.Elijah Muhammad and Wallace Fard continued to communicate until 1934, when Wallace Fard disappeared. Elijah Muhammad succeeded him in Detroit and was named "Minister of Islam". After the disappearance, Elijah Muhammad told followers that Wallace Muhammad had literally been Allah on earth.
In 1934, the Nation of Islam published its first newspaper, Final Call to Islam, to educate and build membership. Children of its members attended classes at the newly created Muhammad University of Islam, but this soon led to challenges by boards of education in Detroit and Chicago, which considered the children truants from the public school system. The controversy led to the jailing of several University of Islam board members and Elijah Muhammad in 1934 and to violent confrontations with police. Muhammad was put on probation, but the university remained open.
Malcolm X
One of Elijah Muhammad's top ministers from 1952 to 1963 was the former Malcolm Little. Malcolm had become a small-time criminal in Detroit, Boston, and Harlem, known as "Detroit Red" (an allusion to the reddish tinge of his hair). Also the son of a preacher, Little had converted to Islam while imprisoned in Massachusetts at the urging of two of his brothers, Philbert and Reginald, who were both NOI members.
Upon his release in 1952, Little joined the Nation of Islam and, in keeping with its naming convention, he changed his surname to the letter "X", symbolizing the rejection of slave names. The charismatic Malcolm X quickly became one of the NOI's most famed and productive ministers; he traveled across the country speaking and founding new temples, and the organization's membership grew greatly during his tenure. The notable boxer Cassius Clay, who quietly began attending Nation of Islam events c. 1961, was one such member. Although Clay had converted to Islam long before his memorable first match with Sonny Liston in 1964, it wasn't until the day after he'd defeated Liston for his first heavyweight championship that he publicly identified himself as a Muslim and demanded to be called "Muhammad Ali".
Following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Elijah Muhammad forbade his ministers from commenting on the incident. In a press interview, Malcolm X violated the directive and said President Kennedy's murder was "chickens coming home to roost". As punishment, Elijah Muhammad barred him from speaking to the press or at any Nation of Islam temple for ninety days. Malcolm complied. Another source of tension was Malcolm X's discovery that a Chicago Tribune article claiming that Elijah Muhammad had fathered eight children by six teenaged girls was true.In a meeting with Malcolm X, Muhammad justified his several children and young "wives" as his need to plant his seed in fertile soil.
Malcolm X was assassinated on February 21, 1965 while preparing to deliver a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan, New York City. The assassins were members of the Nation of Islam[citation needed]. The assassination was said[who?] to be in response to Malcolm X's controversial popularity and insubordination to Elijah Muhammad. Alex Haley completed and published The Autobiography of Malcolm X later in 1965.
Privately,Rockwell imagined that such a deportation program would be
preceded by an imminent race war and the mass slaughter of blacks.15
Rockwell’s success in achieving notoriety owed much to the growing
strength of the contemporary civil rights movement among American blacks,
led by Martin Luther King Jr.During the early 1960s,Negroes were becoming
more politically aware: protests, marches and the Watts and Harlem riots signaled
Negroes’ impatience for genuine equality in American society. This was
the period of liberal concern for the blacks’ predicament, measures for desegregation
were undertaken and the busing of white and black children to
mixed schools became widespread. All this was anathema to Rockwell, who
regarded blacks as a primitive, lethargic race who desired only simple pleasures
and a life of irresponsibility. Formerly content as slaves, their problems
had begun after their closer involvement with the social and economic life of
whites. Rockwell was convinced that Jews had promoted blacks into a hopeless
position of alleged equality with whites. Deeply frustrated by their inability
to compete in education and for jobs, blacks had become violent and
thereby fulfilled Jewish plans for fomenting the breakdown of the traditional
order and the advent of communism.By harping on the threat of escalating
Negro riots in conjunction with his rabid anti-Semitism and anti-communism,
Rockwell attempted to exploit profound American anxieties about the
apparent disorderliness of the 1960s.
TheAmericanNazi Party engaged in a constant barrage of protests and disruptions
at this time.17 Jewish youths were beaten up, a synagogue was
bombed in Bridgeport,Connecticut, and the word“Jew”was painted on front
doors. In early 1962 Rockwell began planning a massive rally to celebrate
Hitler’s birthday in April. During the summer he attended an international
Nazi camp-congress organized by the British neo-Nazi leader Colin Jordan in
Gloucestershire in defiance of aHome Office ban on his entry to Britain.Here
agreement was reached on the founding of aWorld Union of National Socialists.
Following his deportation back to the States, Rockwell picketed the
White House in protest. In September 1962 he awarded one of his captains,
Roy James, a medal for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the face in Birmingham,
Alabama. Therewere also several disruptive incidents in theHouse of
Representatives, including that of Robert A. Lloyd, who ran into the proceedings
in blackface and a stovepipe hat, shouting “Long live Rockwell” and asking
to be seated as a Missisippi congressman in a parody of Negro speech.
Rockwell himself was charged with disorderly conduct and stood trial in New
York in June 1966. Defended by a Jewish lawyer, Rockwell was acquitted
through the court’s upholding of the free speech hewould deny to his enemies.
Alongside all this headline-grabbing activity on the American scene,Rockwell
was attempting to establish the philosophical credentials of the
World Union of National Socialists (WUNS).
The leadership of the WUNS, a federation
of some seven national Nazi groups and parties in various countries, including
Britain, the United States, Chile, Denmark, France, Argentina and
Australia, was originally vested in Colin Jordan on its establishment in August
1962. However, after Jordan was sent to prison on public order offenses later
that year, this office passed to Rockwell. Through the WUNS, Rockwell was
determined to present the racial idealism of National Socialism as a program
of global Aryan power above the nationalisms of the past to a younger generation
of new supporters. Only with such an ideology, he believed, would it be
possible to counter the Jewish world conspiracy and the rising tide of colored
peoples all over the planet. In the spring of 1966, Rockwell commenced publishing
a new WUNS periodical entitled National Socialist World from his
headquarters at Arlington as a new forum for international Nazi ideology.20
Rockwell had appointed as its editor Dr.William Luther Pierce (b. 1933),
a newcomer to the neo-Nazi movement. Pierce was a physicist by profession
who had studied at Rice University and the California Institute of Technology,
completed his doctorate at the University of Colorado and then spent
three years teaching at Oregon State University. From the outset, National
Socialist World cultivated its image and status as the leading international
Nazi periodical, with long articles and book reviews ostensibly written for an
educated and literate readership and employing high standards of production.
The magazine was intended as a quarterly, with each issue having over
a hundred pages. The first issue comprised a philosophical appraisal of National
Socialism by Colin Jordan and an article by George Lincoln Rockwell
on the value of vulgar Nazi propaganda;
(http://www.nazi.org.uk/political%20pdfs/Jordan-NationalSocialism-APhilosophicalAppraisal.pdf) ; pride of place was given to a condensed edition of The Lightning and the Sun by Savitri Devi,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitri_Devi)
(http://www.savitridevi.org/PDF/lightning.pdf)
the Hindu-Nordicist whose Hitler cult and philosophy of history has exercised a deep
influence on neo-Nazi intellectuals. Six numbers of the magazine
had been published by the winter of 1968, and these included such
subjects as Gottfried Feder’s twenty-five points of the German Nazi Party,
(http://www.stormfront.org/posterity/ns/25pts.html)
Matt Koehl on Hitler and National Socialist doctrine,
(http://www.stormfront.org/forum/t919812/)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Neo-Nazi_group) )
(http://www.theneworder.org/about/)
and Robert F.Williams on race war in America.
(http://www.academia.edu/223267/_Crusader_in_Exile_Robert_F._Williams_and_the_Internationalized_Struggle_for_Black_Freedom_in_America._2006_)
(http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai3/protest/text6/williamsnegroeswithguns.pdf)
Foundation and Rockwell leadership
Led by Matt Koehl, the New Order began as a radical fringe political movement founded by George Lincoln Rockwell in Arlington, Virginia in 1958. Initially called the World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists (WUFENS), Rockwell reorganized the group in 1960 and gave it the intentionally inflammatory name the American Nazi Party (ANP) under the theory that negative media publicity was better than no publicity at all. By the mid-1960s, Rockwell began to see some steady financial success from colleges and universities that paid controversial figures to speak on campus as exercises in freedom of speech. This inspired Rockwell to end "Phase One" party tactics which often employed rancorous public rallies. Rockwell's "Phase Two" plan was to bring the group closer to the mainstream by reforming it along the lines of a conventional political party and enter candidates in local elections. As a result, he changed the organization's name to the National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP) and sought ways to tone down the group's negative public image. Before he could fully institute these measures, Rockwell was assassinated on August 25, 1967 by John Patler, a disgruntled former follower.New name and reorganization
The New Order name was adopted on January 1, 1983, and reflects the group's Nazi mysticism. The organization briefly attracted the media's attention in October 1983 when it held a private meeting at Yorktown High School in Arlington, Virginia. A non-uniformed gathering of members was held indoors while the police kept a crowd of counter-protesters at bay outside. This event marked the last publicized appearance of Koehl and the New Order in Arlington. From that point forward the only outward sign that the group was still operational was the annual appearance of the swastika and Betsy Ross American Revolutionary War flags flying from the party's nondescript headquarters building on North Franklin Road every April 20 (Hitler's birthday).
By the mid-1980s membership defections, trouble with the Internal Revenue Service, and the high cost of living in the Washington, D.C. area, forced Koehl to relocate the group's headquarters. He ceased printing the organization's White Power newspaper, sold its Arlington, Virginia real estate holdings, and dispersed the group's various operations to scattered locations in Wisconsin and Michigan. A secluded 88-acre (360,000 m2) rural property called "Nordland" was purchased in New Berlin, Wisconsin to serve as living quarters and to host annual meetings and ceremonial events.
Today the New Order operates quietly far from the public spotlight, eschewing the confrontational public rallies that were once a hallmark of its previous incarnations. It maintains a web page and a Milwaukee, Wisconsin post office box providing information and template material promoting National Socialism. It has no members but rather "registered supporters" who pledge to mail in donations on a monthly basis. Financing is also obtained through sales of books and other merchandise under an affiliate business, NS Publications of Wyandotte, Michigan. The NS Bulletin, a newsletter, is sent to supporters on a quarterly basis. The group holds occasional ceremonial gatherings at undisclosed private locations such as an annual observance of Hitler's birthday each April 20..
While fostering the historical memory of Hitler and the Third Reich in articles
and book reviews, the periodical put much emphasis on the future importance
of the United States in the coming global racial struggle.
In a long editorial for the summer 1967 number, Pierce drew up the order of battle between
“150 million more-or-less Aryan whites, 25 million Negroes and 6 million
Jews” in a war of dominance and survival.
He claimed that the elemental aspect of the conflict was concealed by the
Jewish control of public opinion,finance and education
and pessimistically anticipated that disorders would
increase for the time being. All Negro arson,murder and insurrection would
continue to be attributed to poverty and discrimination, white prejudice and
bigotry, police brutality and injustice. Welfare bribes and leniency toward
blacks would increase, the need for more tolerance would be preached, while
America descended into an inferno. He expected that active National Socialists
would soon find themselves outlawed and driven into illegal, underground
activities. Nevertheless, Pierce ultimately hoped that “once Aryan
America has become racially self-conscious, has organised itself, flexed its
muscles, and scented blood, the Jews will follow the Negroes into history’s
garbage pail in short order.”
Recognizing the limitations of a movement entirely devoted to publicity
stunts and provocation, Rockwell had begun planning a longer-term strategy
for the party involving mass organization and electoral campaigning. On 1
January 1967 the party had been renamed the National Socialist White Peoples’
Party (NSWPP), and issues of fund-raising, propaganda writing and
membership recruitment were addressed at a party conference in June.23 But
these plans were cut short. On 25 August 1967 Rockwell was shot by a sniper’s
bullet as he reversed his vehicle out of a parking lot on leaving a laundromat
in Arlington. The assassin was John Patler, who had edited the party bulletin,
The Stormtrooper. He had been associated with the National Renaissance
Party and Rockwell’s American Nazi Party before leaving to start his own organization,
the American National Party, which lasted from 1962 to early
1963.He returned to join Rockwell but eventually became a source of friction
due to his unstable character and Marxist leanings. Rockwell finally expelled
him from the party in March 1967 for fomenting dissent between fair and
dark-skinned members. Patler was tried for murder, found guilty and sentenced
to twenty years in prison.
With Rockwell’s death, the U.S. Nazi movement found a martyr but soon
splintered into several small extremist political groups driven by fanaticism,
paranoia and suspicion. The five hundred or so members of the NSWPP split
into various factions, with Rockwell’s chief lieutenant and formal successor,
Matt Koehl, a member of the party since 1963, retaining the party name and
headquarters in Arlington and having the largest following. The American
Nazi Party title was formally re-adopted by one of the schismatic groups in
California that was first led by James Warner, who had been secretary of the
parent party in the early 1960s. The other major heirs of Rockwell’s party
were the National Socialist Liberation Front, the National Socialist Party of
America, the National Alliance and the Christian Defense League.
The son of Hungarian immigrants of German descent,Matthias Koehl Jr.
was born on 22 January 1935 in Milwaukee,Wisconsin. After studying journalism
at the University of Wisconsin, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps,
serving two years on active duty. Already as a schoolboy, Matt Koehl was
drawn to anti-Semitism, and in New York City he had joined JamesMadole’s
National Renaissance Party. In 1957 he helped organize the United White
Party in Knoxville, Tennessee. By 1958, he was the national organizer of the
National States’Rights Party (NSRP), which agitated against desegregation in
the southern states.25 He joined Rockwell’s movement in 1960 and became
leader of the Chicago section in 1961. In 1963 he joined Rockwell at party
headquarters in Arlington and was appointed corresponding secretary of the
WUNS and national secretary of the NSWPP. He also edited and published
both the WUNS Bulletin and the party’s NS Bulletin. His attraction to the
American Nazi Party was inspired by pride in his own German origins and
an admiration for Adolf Hitler bordering on religious adulation. In an early
article for National SocialistWorld, Koehl had extolled Hitler as an idealist, a
visionary and the creator of a heroic new worldview—someone who had
worked for a broad Aryan racial revival beyond the limits of German nationalism,
an idea inspired by the pan-Aryan Savitri Devi. His swastika was
intended to represent “the mission of the struggle for the victory of Aryan
man” and a New Order of racial blood-brotherhood.
In 1968 Koehl proclaimed that “Adolf Hitler is National Socialism, just as
National Socialism is Adolf Hitler” and wrote of Nazi ideology as a creed and
a new faith.He dismissed those who thought that American Nazis were fighting
for some historical German phenomenon. These critics had not grasped
“the Truth which Adolf Hitler revealed to the world nearly 50 years ago. . . .
Our goal involves far more than the realization of some superficial political or
social scheme. It entails a universal transformation of ideas and things, an upheaval
of unprecedented magnitude.” Impressed by Hitler’s claim that man
can live only by higher ideals, Koehl quoted from a lengthy passage of Mein
Kampf that claimed “the [National Socialist] philosophy of life corresponds to
the innermost will of Nature, . . . until at last the best of mankind, having
achieved possession of this earth, will have a free path for activity in domains
[beyond].”
Koehl’s full-blown Hitler cult is even more evident in the New Order, the
name adopted by his party after a general reorganization in 1983. According
to its literature, New Order has about two hundred full members and four
hundred active supporters organized in some forty local branches across
eighteen states from California to the East Coast. Regular activities include
the celebration of Hitler’s birthday and the holding of lectures and seminars
to disseminate the Nazi gospel.Matt Koehl’s own addresses to domestic U.S.
groups and occasional forays to European neo-Nazi gatherings, together with
his books The Future Calls (1972)
(http://www.theneworder.org/national-socialism/the-hitler-phenomenon/the-future-calls/)
and Faith of the Future (1995),
(http://www.savitridevi.org/koehl_correspondence_4.html)
set forth the “racial idealism” of modern Hitlerism in robust, evangelical prose for all fresh
recruits and initiates of the New Order.
Literature currently distributed by the New Order from its headquarters in
Milwaukee include small votive pictures of Hitler with the caption“He lives!”
Another small card carries the text “Our Creed” in English and an overleaf in
German. The self-conscious imitation of Christian liturgy and belief implicit
in itsblasphemoussubstitution ofHitler for JesusChrist comesclose toparody:
We believe in Adolf Hitler,
the immortal Leader of our race,
singular gift of Providence,
greatest figure of all time,
alive in our hearts today and forever.
We believe in his holy Cause,
which is the New Order,
the fulfillment of Aryan destiny
in accordance with the eternal laws of life,
the hope and future of of our kind on earth.
We believe in his Movement,
the true, undivided body of his followers,
which bears the name of his Cause
as the instrument of his will,
consecrated by the blood of heroes and martyrs
—the only way to world redemption.
heil hitler!
In his writings and speeches to New Order audiences,Matt Koehl regularly
invokes religious mythology and symbolism. These effusions are strongly influenced
by the Hindu-Aryan ideas and nature worship of Savitri Devi.
http://www.bpp.org.uk/may2009archive.html
http://www.theneworder.org/news/2012/04/resurrection!/
His piece entitled “Resurrection,” written on the occasion of Hitler’s birthday in April 1987, recalled the words of the Bhagavad-Gita, that “ancient book of Aryan wisdom and insight,” according to Savitri Devi: “Age after age, when justice is crushed, when evil reigns supreme, I come; again am I born on Earth to save the world.”Mingling Hindu, pagan and Christian motifs, Koehl ruminated on Nature’s eternal message of renewal and resurrection. “Adolf Hitler
was born on Earth. He became flesh and blood. He fought, and he died.” He claimed that Hitler had to die, that his immolation was a foreordained necessity.The tragic events of 1945 were a cataclysmic precursor of a new world to come.“Hitler lives in our very own hearts and minds. . . . Our Leader is risen.He is risen indeed!”
In a 1991 speech to an assembly of Dutch, Flemish and German members
of the New Order held in Europe, Koehl likened the end of the Second World
War to the start of a new dispensation. He compared postwar Hitlerism with
the progress of early Christianity. This new religion had appeared defeated
after Jesus was crucified in a.d. 33 and his disciples were scattered and persecuted.
But Calvary signaled the ultimate triumph of Christ in which Christians
had complete confidence. In an obscene metaphor, Koehl alludes to the
later victory of the faith as the Christian Endsieg and asks whether modern
Nazis have the same will to triumph.How long the struggle lasts is unimportant,
but only an unshakable faith can sustain them. “We can make a start . . .
and whether it takes 50 years, 100 years, 500 years or 1,000 years, the important
thing is that one day—sooner or later—the cause of Adolf Hitler does indeed
prevail on this earth.”29
Despite his rejection of Christianity as an alien (Semitic) faith, Koehl has
expressed New Order doctrine in religious symbols that are unmistakably
Christian in origin. He enshrines Hitler as the messiah of Aryan salvation:
“He is our law and guide as Aryans for all time to come. He is our hope, our
redemption.” He speaks of Hitler’s “transfiguration” and the gathering of a
“sacred retinue.”Koehl’s use of redemptive symbolism is often overwhelming:
“As the darkness of dying civilization casts its lengthening shadow over a confused
and despairing world, the faith of the future will shine forth . . . a resplendent
New Order . . . guided and instructed by the immortal personality
of the greatest figure ever to walk the face of this earth.”30 It would be harder
to find a more fervent expression of Hitler worship than these messianic and
apocalyptic outpourings so obviously taken from Christian models.
This sectarian character of the New Order is also implicit in its embattled
rejection of the modern liberal world that is equated with unbridled license,
moral decline and physical disease. For those who judge Hitler by the standards
of his democratic opponents, Koehl asks what kind of world did the
victors of 1945 actually give us.What is the cultural and political record of the
Allies without Hitler after fifty years? Koehl sees a world of rat-race consumerism,
self-fixation, environmental devastation, pollution and race mixing.“
They altered the national demography and introduced us to integration,
busing, Affirmative Action, minority quotas, sensitivity training, Black History
and—the Holocaust. They gave us permissiveness, drugs, MTV and teen
suicide. They gave us safe sex and unsafe streets and gun control. They gave
us rock ‘n roll and rape-counseling centers. They gave us ‘alternative lifestyles,’
sodomy, AIDS, filth, perversion, chaos, crime, corruption, dumbing down
and insanity of every kind.”31 This overwhelming cultural pessimism is mobilized
to indict the modern world as the last gasp of an old order following
its (temporary) defeat of Hitler and National Socialism.
While Koehl was building a church, another NSWPP faction embraced
outright terrorism. Joseph Charles Tommasi (b. 1951),
Joseph Charles Tommasi (1951-August 15, 1975) was an American National Socialist who founded the National Socialist Liberation Front (NSLF) in 1974. Breaking with the conservative image of American Nazism and its "mass strategy", he advocated an armed guerrilla struggle against the "System". Tommasi advocated a radical form of the leadership and after founding the NSLF on March 2, 1974, began publication of a periodical titled Siege. Tommasi was derisively nicknamed "Tomato Joe" behind his back by rival neo-Nazi's because of his Italian heritage and somewhat swarthy features.
Death and conspiracy heory
On August 15, 1975 Tommasi was killed while driving past NSWPP headquarters in El Monte,California. As was his custom whenever passing by, Tommasi gave the NSWPP guard stationed on the front lawn "the bird". On this occasion the guard responded to the insult by pulling a pistol and firing, hitting Tommasi in the head. Tommasi was buried in Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California beneath a simple bronze plaque depicting a mountain landscape and a Christian cross. The NSWPP guard was found guilty of second degree murder and sentenced to five years probationplus 120 days time already served, a light sentence that sparked a conspiracy theory stating that Tommasi's death was an assassination planned by the FBI which was using the NSWPP as a front organization to infiltrate and disrupt the white nationalistmovement as a whole..a young leader of the
NSWPP in southern California, founded the National Socialist Liberation
Front (NSLF) in 1974. Tommasi broke with the “straight” conservative image
of American Nazism, grew his hair long and smoked marijuana. Aping the
militant left, Tommasi called for an armed guerrilla struggle against the “Jewish
power structure” of the United States. One famous NSLF poster read:“The
future belongs to the few of us still willing to get our hands dirty.” Along the
barrel of a cocked gun ran the words “Political terror. It’s the only thing they
understand.” Tommasi denied all interest in law and order. He wanted anarchy
and chaos so that the NSLF could attack the “System” and its hated police
protectors. NSLF armaments guidelines included magnum shotguns, 45-caliber
automatic pistols and semiautomatic military assault rifles. Propaganda
pictures showed the twisted wreckage of a bombed-out Bank of America
branch, while the cover photograph of the NSLF periodical, Siege, showed the
ruins of another terrorist target, an image incidentally taken from the radical
left-wing Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).32
Tommasi's life inspired racial philosopher James Mason to revive the NSLF in the early 1980s as a leaderless "philosophical concept or a state of mind" called Universal Order and to print a newsletter based on Tommasi's "Siege" periodical. A woman claiming to be Tommasi's sister made several posts on the Stormfront website forum in 2005 expressing her desire that Tommasi not be forgotten by white nationalists and stating her belief that Tommasi's death was a premeditated conspiracy and not just a spur-of-the-moment murder. Beyond the efforts of Mason and the alleged sister, Joe Tommasi has remained largely forgotten by the neo-Nazi movement and very few photographs of him can be found in general circulation.
(c.1974)
http://archive.org/details/BuildingTheRevolutionaryParty_479
The NSLF’s advocacy of armed struggle would not be matched for another decade until the terrorist outrages of The Order or Brüders Schweigen in the mid-1980s.
http://blacksuninvictus.org/bruders.html
http://blacksuninvictus.org/links.html
http://www.mourningtheancient.com/dl.htm
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:AaMNdWMfQogJ:en.metapedia.org/wiki/The_Order+&cd=9&hl=el&ct=clnk&gl=gr
http://archive.adl.org/learn/ext_us/scutari.asp?xpicked=2&item=scutari
The Silent Brotherhood ("Bruder Schweigen,") was founded by Robert Jay Matthews. It was comprised of members from different racist groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations and the National Alliance, who were tired of word and wanted action. Within the racist movement they wanted to move it in creating an Aryan (white) homeland. Matthews and other members utilized the Turner Diaries a fictional book writen by Dr. William Pierce under the pseudonym Andrew McDonald as a blueprint for their organization. On November 25, 1984 the Order declared war upon the United States government, issuing a full declaration that was signed by the members:
The Order through a string of armed robberies was able to acquire more than $4 million to help fund the revolution that they saw coming. The group also used the printing presses at Aryan Nations to run a large counterfeiting operation. It was alledged that the Order shared the money with other racist groups like WAR (White Aryan Resistance), National Alliance and holocaust deniers who shared the same dream they had of a white only homeland. The FBI was only able to recover about $2 million of the stolen money. The rest is still unaccounted for.
Robert Matthews died on December 7th 1985 in a shootout with government agents on Whidbey Island in Washington State. Matthews is seen as a hero in the white supremacist movement. The Order members are seen as soldiers who were defending the white race. They are viewed as P.O.W. (prisoners of war) by the white racist movement.
The list below is what happened to the Order after the F.B.I. was about to round them up.
David Lane, was sentenced to 190 consecutive years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy, and violating civil rights. He died in prison in 2007.
Andrew Barnhill, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
Randy Duey, was sentenced to 100 years on the charges of on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy racketeering, conspiracy, and robbery.
Randy Evans, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
Richard Kemp, was sentenced to 60 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy, and armored car robbery.
Bruce Pierce, was sentenced to 252 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy and violating civil rights.
Richard Scutari, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
Frank Silva, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy. He is now free after an appeals court dropped conspiracy charges.
David Tate, was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a Missouri state trooper.
Gary Yarbrough, was sentenced to 75 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
To learn more about groups like the Order go to: Hate2Hope, Anti-Defamation League, Southern Poverty Law Center
The Order through a string of armed robberies was able to acquire more than $4 million to help fund the revolution that they saw coming. The group also used the printing presses at Aryan Nations to run a large counterfeiting operation. It was alledged that the Order shared the money with other racist groups like WAR (White Aryan Resistance), National Alliance and holocaust deniers who shared the same dream they had of a white only homeland. The FBI was only able to recover about $2 million of the stolen money. The rest is still unaccounted for.
Robert Matthews died on December 7th 1985 in a shootout with government agents on Whidbey Island in Washington State. Matthews is seen as a hero in the white supremacist movement. The Order members are seen as soldiers who were defending the white race. They are viewed as P.O.W. (prisoners of war) by the white racist movement.
The list below is what happened to the Order after the F.B.I. was about to round them up.
David Lane, was sentenced to 190 consecutive years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy, and violating civil rights. He died in prison in 2007.
Andrew Barnhill, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
Randy Duey, was sentenced to 100 years on the charges of on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy racketeering, conspiracy, and robbery.
Randy Evans, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
Richard Kemp, was sentenced to 60 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy, and armored car robbery.
Bruce Pierce, was sentenced to 252 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy and violating civil rights.
Richard Scutari, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
Frank Silva, was sentenced to 40 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy. He is now free after an appeals court dropped conspiracy charges.
David Tate, was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a Missouri state trooper.
Gary Yarbrough, was sentenced to 75 years on the charges of racketeering, conspiracy.
To learn more about groups like the Order go to: Hate2Hope, Anti-Defamation League, Southern Poverty Law Center
Alan Berg, född 1934 i Chicago, Illinois, död 18 juni 1984 i Denver, Colorado, var en amerikansk, judisk, liberal radiopratare som sände sitt program KOA 850 AM från Denver, Colorado. Radioprogrammet hördes av människor i över trettio delstater i USA där Berg pratade om vapenkontroll, homosexualitet, religion och andra kontroversiella ämnen. Han hade en trogen publik och han var känd för sin aggressivt konfrontativa debatteknik med de lyssnare som ringde in till hans program.
Den 18 juni 1984 sköts Berg ner på sin garageuppfart av tre medlemmar i det nynazistiska The Order. Ingen dömdes för mord men flera dömdes för att ha brutit mot hans medborgerliga rättigheter. En av de som dömdes för inblandning var nynazistledaren David Lane.
Händelsen gjordes senare till medieproduktioner på ett flertal sätt. Eric Bogosian gjorde en teaterproduktion av den, en berättelse som senare gjordes om till film av Oliver Stone, med Eric Bogosian i huvudrollen. Både teater- och filmversionen heter Talk Radio.
The Order eller Brüders Schweigen var ett nynazistisk terroristbrödraskap, som under 1980-talet ägnade sig åt bland annat rån och mord (se Alan Berg). Medlemmarna avtjänar idag fängelsestraff. En av dem var David Lane. Grundare var den nazistiska fundamentalisten Robert J. Mathews. Vid inledningsriten som alla medlemmar var tvungna att medverka i svor man att bekämpa judarna och tillägna sitt liv till att försvara den ariska rasen.
Efter att en av gruppens medlemmar, Thomas Martinez, blivit gripen i Philadelphia gick han med på att bli informatör åt FBI och ledde dessa till ett hotell i Portland,Oregon. Mathews och en annan gruppmedlem vid namn Gary Yarbrough var i hotellet. Mathew kom undan och skadade en agent medan Gary greps. Thomas ses idag som en förrädare av den nazistiska rörelsen.
Mathews flydde och hittades i Whidbey Island i delstaten Washington, där han i december 1984 höll 200 poliser på avstånd i 36 timmar tills han dog av en brandsom startats i huset han barrikaderat sig i.
30 december 1985 dömdes nio män och en kvinna, alla tillhörande gruppen, i Seattle, USA. De dömdes till mellan 40 och 100 år i fängelse samt stränga böter. En annan gruppmedlem fälldes i en annan rättegång för mord på en polis i Missouri och dömdes till livstids fängelse. Ytterligare tolv gruppmedlemmar erkände sig skyldiga till olika brott och en hade gått under jorden och hamnade på FBI Ten Most Wanted List före sitt tillfångatagande.
Richard Scutari's connection with white supremacist organizations can be traced back to 1982 when he attended the national convention of The Covenant, the Sword and the Arm of the Lord. Only two years later, his involvement with the white supremacist gang The Order propelled him to the highest ranks of his cause and resulted in a 60-year prison sentence. Since his 1989 imprisonment, Scutari has remained actively involved with the radical right, writing extensively for far-right groups and promoting a racist version of Asatru, a polytheistic Norse religion. Recently denied parole, he and several of his colleagues in The Order remain unrepentant about their activities and continue to be a driving force in the white supremacist movement -- even from behind bars.
James N. Mason (born January 1, 1952) is an American National Socialist.When he was 14 years old he began communicating with George Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi Party and became a youth member until his 18th birthday when he was sworn into the renamed National Socialist White People's Party. In the 1970s he was associated with the National Socialist Liberation Front, although not officially a member.[1] He later went on to form the Universal Order, a group inspired by Charles Manson, leader of the mass-murder cult "The Family". Not only did Manson suggest the name, but he also designed the logo used by the group, a swastika superimposed over the scales of justice.He edited, wrote, and published a newsletter titled Siege! throughout the early to mid 1980s. Its contents were edited and published by Michael Moynihan as Siege: The Collected Writings of James Mason. He advocatedleaderless resistance, calling for autonomous action by individuals rather than an authoritarian hierarchical organization.Siege! is a great book and James Mason in the past has been a revolutionary innovator. He took National Socialism out of the reactionary right and packaged it as a revolutionary struggle. In the way Joseph Tommasi broke with the conservative National Socialists. Unfortunately he turned away from his best thoughts back toward some Christian thing. I don't know where he is now, but I promote and sell his great book. - Tom Metzger, 5/17/2005 Siege ebook (pdf) Siege online text Siege online audio edition How Black Is Black Metal By Kevin Coogan Goodreads.com
Universal Order is the name of a National Socialist "operational front" founded by James Mason. Growing out of the National Socialist Liberation Front, Mason founded the order in the early 1980s following the advice of Charles Manson, leader of the mass-murder cult "The Family". Not only did Manson suggest the name, but he also designed the logo used by the group, a swastika superimposed over the scales of justice.As its Leaders it recognized a lineage of Adolf Hitler, George Lincoln Rockwell, Joseph Tommasi, and Charles Manson. It later focused on presenting a National Socialist perspective on the paranormal.Universal Order is not an actual organization (in the sense of having official members and a headquarters), "but a philosophical concept or a state of mind". Mason and collaborators "found it necessary and desirable to give our certain line of thought a distinguishing title so as to at least attempt [to] separate it from the more conservative takes on National Socialism."
http://web.archive.org/web/20080316212050/http://www.geocities.com/orderuniversal/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_mysticism
In 1980 James N.Mason (b. 1952), a violent Nazi who had joined
Rockwell in the mid-sixties, revived the NSLF (it had lapsed with Tommasi’s
assassination in 1975) as a forerunner of new militant American white supremacist
movements committed to an armed struggle against the so-called
Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), a current far-right epiphet for the
U.S. government as a Jewish-controlled puppet regime.33
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZeKDUb3Hn2gJ:wakeupfromyourslumber.com/category/tags/zionist-occupied-government&hl=el&tbo=d&gl=gr&strip=1
http://rense.com/general66/dest.htm
Mason relaunched
Siege, in which he preached violence, racial strife and an all-out war against
the hated “System.” In his quest for extremist mentors, Mason then became
obsessed with Charles Manson (b. 1934), the notorious killer serving life imprisonment
for conspiracy in the murders of the actress Sharon Tate and others
in 1969. Although Manson had carved a swastika into his own forehead,
his politics were vague. However, Mason regarded Manson as the supreme
outlaw and adopted the convicted criminal as the spiritual leader of his new
Nazi group, the Universal Order (the name came from Manson). Mason’s
Nazi religion embraced both Hitler and Manson as saviors, thereby combining
Koehl’s messianic piety with the millenarian violence of Tomassi. In the
pages of Siege, Mason paid extravagant tribute to Hitler, Tommasi, Manson
and Savitri Devi.34
Already in the mid-1960s, WUNS had served as a pilot scheme for exporting
American neo-Nazism back to Europe. This Euro-American partnership
was now followed by another Rockwell heir, the National Socialist Party of
America (NSPA), founded in 1970 by Frank Collin, a partly Jewish fascist expelled
from the NSWPP due to internal party friction and slurs cast upon his
racial ancestry. During the late 1970s, the NSPA achieved massive publicity
through violent rallies held in the
NSPA has frequently been involved in violent incidents involving Klansmen
and in an abortive invasion of the Caribbean island of Dominica. In November
1979, members of a local branch were implicated in the killing of five leftwing
radicals attending an anti–Klu Klux Klan rally at Greensboro, North
Carolina.35
The NSPA became important in an international neo-Nazi context as the
sponsor and supporter of the offshore German NSDAP Auslands- und Aufbauorganisation
(NSDAP-AO). Founded in West Germany in 1973 by the
German American neo-Nazi Gerhard (Gary) Lauck, this group moved its operations
to the United States following Lauck’s expulsion by the Bonn authorities
in 1974.
Gerhard Rex Lauck (born 1953) is an American neo-Nazi activist and publisher. Based in Lincoln, Nebraska, he is sometimes nicknamed the "Farm Belt Fuehrer" due to his rural origins.As leader of the NSDAP/AO he was in close contact with like-minded individuals and groups in Europe, notably Michael Kühnen with whom he worked closely from the 1970s.His contacts with the German neo-Nazi scene had begun in 1971 when as an 18 year old Lauck had established the Auslandsorganisation (overseas organisation) of the National Socialist Combat Groups, a militant German neo-Nazi group that was quickly banned by the German government. Lauck's NSDAP/AO was established following this ban.[2] A noted Germanophile, Lauck sported a toothbrush moustache and used the Nazi salute as his regular greeting, whilst even speaking with an affected German accent.Although based in the USA, Lauck spent much of time as an activist in Europe, particularly during the early 1990s when the NSDAP/AO extended its network of contacts considerably. He produced large volumes of neo-Nazi literature in several languages and also dealt in computer discs detailing the building of bombs, both of which were distributed across a network of European contacts.In 1990 he ensured that the NSDAP/AO would link up with the Swedish neo-Nazi group Sveriges Nationella Forbund, which became instrumental in forming the "Nordic National Socialist Bloc" with like-minded activists in Norway.That same year he played a leading role in helping Kühnen, Gottfried Küssel and Christian Worch establish a network of Gesinnungsgemeinschaft der Neuen Front cells across the former East Germany following German reunification.[4] Two years later the NSDAP/AO also concluded an agreement with the National Socialist Movement of Denmark, which up to that point had been a leading organisation within the rival World Union of National Socialists (WUNS). The change occurred after Povl Riis-Knudsen, a leading figure in WUNS, had been expelled from the Danish Nazi movement for marrying a Palestinian woman.[3] During the early days of the Yugoslav Wars Lauck's journal New Order ran a series of articles in support of Croatia and in particular Ustaše and the magazine was instrumental in recruiting neo-Nazi linked mercenaries to fight for the Croatian cause.Lauck was arrested in Denmark in 1995, leading to a far right campaign in the USA against plans to extradite him to Germany, where he was wanted for distributing neo-Nazi propaganda.Nevertheless Lauck was deported to Hamburg where he was tried and found guilty of distributing neo-Nazi pamphlets. He was sentenced to four years imprisonment.
Here, Lauck was initially based at the Arlington, Virginia,
headquarters of the WUNS (aligned with Matt Koehl’s NSWPP) and received
financial backing from several U.S. Nazi groups. Later on, the NSDAP-AO
joined forces with the NSPA and it now shares their offices at Lincoln, Nebraska.
Originally set up in exile from Germany to campaign for the legalization
of a National Socialist party in Germany, the scope of the NSDAP-AO has
expanded dramatically over the past twenty years to span the globe. The joint
publication with the NSPA, a monthly periodical entitled New Order, is published
in English, German, Swedish,Hungarian, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian,
Portuguese and Danish. The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has described
the NSDAP-AO as “one of the world’s most influential neo-Nazi
propaganda outfits . . . the biggest supplier of propaganda to neo-Nazis.”
The main purpose of Lauck’s organization still remains the unhindered
provision of support and publications for neo-Nazis in Germany operating
under constitutional restrictions. To further this objective, the NSDAP-AO
also publishes a German-language journal, NS Kampfruf, and produces thousands
of leaflets and labels bearing Nazi slogans for illicit distribution in Germany.
The organization claims to have many secret members in Germany and
had extended its activities to Scandinavia andAustria during the 1980s. InMay
1995 Gary Lauck was arrested in Denmark.He was subsequently convicted in
Germany on charges of distributing illegal neo-Nazi literature and sentenced
to a term of imprisonment. However, his removal barely halted the propaganda
activities of his organization, which has effectively absorbed the NSPA.
A similar outfit called Liberty Bell Publications is run by George P. Dietz in
Reedy,WestVirginia. Dietz is a farmbroker and a former member of theHitler
Youth who emigrated to the United States in 1957. Besides selling a wide variety
of anti-Semitic books and Nazi literature, regalia and replica party badges
(made in Taiwan), Liberty Bell publishes its own periodical, Liberty Bell, and a
neo-Nazi bulletin,Der Schulungsbrief, for distribution in Germany.
The other major successor to the NSWPP after Rockwell’s death was the
National Alliance, led by William Pierce, who formerly edited National Socialist
World. Thirty years later, Pierce is still the most important neo-Nazi organizer
and publisher in the United States. His authorship of The Turner Diaries,
a cult novel of race war, and his regular radio broadcasts, meetings with
top nationalist leaders of European parties and involvement with youth culture
and white power music via Resistance Records have more than vindicated
his status as the house intellectual of the original American Nazi Party
leadership. The National Alliance traces its origins to the National Youth Alliance,
founded by Willis Carto of the Liberty Lobby in late 1968 as an outgrowth
of a campaign organization, Youth for Wallace, originally associated
with Governor George Wallace. The NYA was intended to combat anarchist
and left-wing groups on university campuses and increase the receptiveness
of students to right-wing ideas. It stood for law and order, and for opposition
to black power, hippies and the drug culture. The racist and anti-Semitic policies
of the NYA quickly attracted the attention of Pierce and other NSWPP
activists. Due to internal strife, the organization had split into two factions by
the spring of 1971: one now known as Youth Action and loyal to Carto, and
the other led by Pierce, which had become known as the National Alliance by
1974. Pierce quickly built the organization into a new Nazi lobby group
through National Vanguard (formerly Attack!), published from 1970 to 1982
as a tabloid and thereafter published in magazine form. True to the tenor of
his racist editorials in the WUNS periodical, Pierce promoted belief in a Jewish
conspiracy to destroy the white race through socialism, black power, the
banking system and racial mixing.36
Pierce established his headquarters in Washington, D.C., and enjoyed extensive
domestic contacts with the American far right.National Vanguard circulated
widely among neo-Nazi groups, and the National Alliance liaised
with a number of foreign organizations. John Tyndall, then leader of the National
Front in Britain, visited Pierce in 1979, and the Alliance was also in
contact with other British groups, including the National Party, a short-lived
NF successor group, and the League of St. George. Pierce keeps in regular
touch with Tyndall and attended the British National Party annual rally in
November 1995.
In the early 1980s, Pierce shunned the burgeoning black population of
Washington and purchased a 400-acre retreat behind a high barbed-wire barricade
near Hillsboro, a remote village in West Virginia amid the Appalachian
Mountains.Here he runs a large bookselling service based on Western culture
and pagan tradition (including many Penguin Classics), edits National Vanguard
with the aid of his staff, and preaches a racist gospel in his own “Cosmotheist
Church” within the compound that is emblazoned with a Nordic
man-rune representing creation. This aspect of his organization well demonstrates
the pan-Aryan religiosity of his mission. In his newsletter, Pierce
quotes Savitri Devi regarding the ultimate purpose of evolution as “that mysterious
and unfailing wisdom according to which nature lives and creates: the
impersonal wisdom of the primeval forest and of the ocean depth and of the
spheres in the dark fields of space.”
Pierce’s Cosmotheism sees each race and
species assigned a specific role in relation to the Whole. While the Negro is
content to idle and the Jew acts as a ferment of decay, the white man is guided
by the Divine Spark within him ever upward toward the Creator, who is a living
part of his Being.37 This call to unending evolutionary progress is thus cast
in terms of a Platonic doctrine of souls in which the ascent to the Godhead is
restricted to Aryan individuals.Here Cosmotheism reflects Lanz von Liebenfels’s
prewar Ariosophy.
Adolf Josef Lanz aka Jörg Lanz, who called himself Lanz von Liebenfels (July 19, 1874 – April 22, 1954) was an Austrian publicist and journalist. He was a former monk and the founder of the magazine Ostara, in which he published anti-semitic and völkisch theories.In 1904, he published his book Theozoologie ("Theozoology") in which he advocated sterilization of the sick and the "lower races" as well as forced labour for "castrated chandals", and glorified the "Aryan race" as "Gottmenschen" ("god-men"). Theozoology could also be classified as a work encompassing what has now come to be called cryptozoology. Lanz justified his neognostic racial ideology by attempting to give it a Biblical foundation; according to him, Eve, whom he described as initially being divine, involved herself with ademon and gave birth to the "lower races" in the process. Furthermore, he claimed that this led to blonde women being attracted primarily to "dark men", something that only could be stopped by "racial demixing" so that the "Aryan-Christian master humans" could "once again rule the dark-skinned beastmen" and ultimately achieve "divinity". A copy of this book was sent to Swedish poet August Strindberg, from whom Lanz received an enthusiastic reply in which he was described as a "prophetic voice".
One year later, in 1905, he founded the magazine Ostara, Briefbücherei der Blonden und Mannesrechtler, of which he became the sole author and editor in 1908. Lanz himself claimed to have up to 100,000 subscribers, but it is generally agreed that this figure is grossly exaggerated. Readers of this publication included Adolf Hitler and Dietrich Eckart, among others. Lanz claimed he was visited by the young Hitler in 1909, whom he supplied with two missing issues of the magazine.As a student of Guido von List, Lanz further expanded his theories; other influences included Otto Weininger, of whom Lanz was a fervent follower.In 1905 Lanz and some 50 other supporters of List signed a declaration endorsing the proposed Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft (Guido von List Society), which was officially founded in 1908. He also founded his own esoteric organisation, the Ordo Novi Templi (Order of the New Templars) in 1907. These movements were supposed to "further the racial self-confidence by doing pedigree and racial research,beauty contests and the founding of racist "future sites" in underdeveloped parts of the Earth" ("das Rassebewusstsein durch Stammbaum- und Rassekundeforschung, Schönheitswettbewerbe und die Gründung rassistischer Zukunftsstätten in unterentwickelten Teilen der Erde zu fördern"). To further this agenda, he purchased the Werfenstein castle ruins in Austria. Neither organization really managed to attract a large member base, though; it is estimated that the order had around 300 members, the most prominent of which was the poet Fritz von Herzmanovsky-Orlando. Lanz's claim that the organization was already founded prior to 1900, and that he met with August Strindberg in 1896 and managed to convince him to join the order, have been shown to be fabricated.After Hitler's rise to prominence in the 1920s, Lanz tried to be recognized as one of his ideological precursors. In the preface of issue one in the 3. series of Ostara, c. 1927, he wrote:
| “ | One shall remember that the swastika- and fascist movements are basically offspring of Ostara.[1] | ” |
After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, Lanz hoped for Hitler's patronage, but Hitler, embarrassed by this early connection, banned him from publishing his writings. Most notably copies of Ostara were removed from circulation. After the war, Lanz accused Hitler of having not only stolen but corrupted his idea, and also of being of "inferior racial stock".There is no strong scholarly consensus as to whether Hitler was significantly influenced, directly or indirectly, by Lanz' work, and no strong evidence that he was interested in the occult movement as a whole apart from its racial aspects, though the association has been repeatedly made by critics and occultists during and after the Third Reich.In his publications, Lanz mixed völkisch and anti-semitic ideas with Aryanism, racism and esotericism. The following is a partial list of Lanz's publications:
- Katholizismus wider Jesuitismus ("Catholicism versus Jesuitism"), Frankfurt, 1903
- Anthropozoon biblicum, in Vjschr. für Bibelkunde 1, 1903/1904
- Zur Theologie der gotischen Bibel ("Regarding the Theology of the Gothic Bible") in Vjschr. für Bibelkunde 1, 1903/1904
- Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron ("Theozoology, or the Account of the SodomiteApelings and the Divine Electron"), Vienna, (1905)
- Das Breve "Dominus ac redemptor noster", Frankfurt, 1905
- Der Taxilschwindel. Ein welthistorischer Ulk, Frankfurt, 1905
- Ostara (magazine), 89 issues, Rodaun and Mödling, 1905-1917 (38 issues were republished in Vienna between 1926 and 1931)
- Kraus und das Rassenproblem ("Kraus and the Race Problem"), in Der Brenner 4, 1913/1914
- Weltende und Weltwende, ("World's End and World's Turn"), Lorch, 1923
- Grundriss der ariosophischen Geheimlehre ("Outline of the Ariosophic Secret Teachings"), Oestrich, 1925
- Der Weltkrieg als Rassenkampf der Dunklen gegen die Blonden ("The World War as a Race Fight Between the Dark and the Blondes"), Vienna, 1927
- Bibliomystikon oder die Geheimbibel der Eingeweihten ("Bibliomystikon, or the Secret Bible of the Initiated"), 10 volumes,Pforzheim and elsewhere, 1929–1934
- Praktisch-empirisches Handbuch der ariosophischen Astrologie ("Practical-empirical Handbook of Ariosophic Astrology"),Düsseldorf, 1926–1934
- Jakob Lorber. Das grösste ariosophische Medium der Neuzeit, Düsseldorf, 1926, 4 Bänden.
Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of anesoteric nature, pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfelsrespectively, in Austria between 1890 and 1930. The term 'Ariosophy', meaning wisdom concerning the Aryans, was first coined by Lanz von Liebenfels in 1915 and became the label for his doctrine in the 1920s. In historic research on the topic, such as Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke's bookThe Occult Roots of Nazism, the term 'Ariosophy' is used generically to describe the Aryan-esoteric theories of a subset of the 'Völkische Bewegung'.[1] This broader use of the word is retrospective and was not generally current among the esotericists themselves." List actually called his doctrine 'Armanism', while Lanz used the terms 'Theozoology' and 'Ario-Christianity' before the First World War.
The ideas of Von List and Lanz von Liebenfels were part of a general occult revival in Austria and Germany of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, loosely inspired by historical Germanic paganism and holistic philosophy as well as esoteric concepts influenced by Germanromanticism and Theosophy. The connection of this Germanic mysticism with historical Germanic culture, though tenuous, is evident in the mystics' fascination with runes, in the form of Guido von List's Armanen runes. Ariosophy in its narrow sense was a Liturgic-free newthought-influenced movement without clearly delineated dogmatics, centered around the publications of Herbert Reichstein Verlag.Ideology regarding the Aryan race (in the sense of Indo-Europeans, though with Germanic peoples being viewed as their purest representatives), runic symbols, the swastika, and sometimes occultism are important elements in Ariosophy. From around 1900, esoteric notions entered Guido List's thoughts by 1899 at the latest.[2] In April 1903 he sent his manuscript, proposing what Goodrick-Clarke calls a "monumental pseudoscience" concerning the ancient German faith, to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna [3]onwards, these ariosophic ideas (together with, and influenced by, Theosophy) contributed significantly to an occult counterculture in Germany and Austria. A historic interest in this topic has stemmed from the ideological relation of Ariosophy to Nazism, and is obvious in such book titles as:
- The Occult Roots of Nazism by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke
- Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab (The Man Who Gave Hitler His Ideas), Wilfried Daim's biography of Lanz von Liebenfels
However, Goodrick-Clarke's comprehensive study finds little evidence of direct influence, except in the case of the highly idiosyncratic ancient-German mythos elaborated by the 'clairvoyant' (but in fact schizophrenic) SS-Brigadeführer Karl Maria Wiligut,[4] of which the practical consequences were, first, the incorporation of Wiligut's symbolism into the ceremonies of an elite circle within the SS; and, secondly, the official censure of those occultists and runic magicians whom Wiligut stigmatised as heretics, which may have persuadedHeinrich Himmler to order the internment of several of them.[5] The most notable other case is Himmler's Ahnenerbe. (For the debate on the direct relations to Nazi ideology see Religious aspects of Nazism.) Goodrick-Clarke (1985: 192-202) examines what evidence there is for influences on Hitler and on other Nazis, but he concludes that "Ariosophy is a symptom rather than an influence in the way that it anticipated Nazism" (ibid., 202).While a broad definition of the term 'Ariosophy' is useful for some purposes, various of the later authors, including Ellegaard Ellerbek,Philipp Stauff and Günther Kirchoff, can more exactly be described as cultivating the Armanism of List (Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 155). In a less broad approach one could also treat rune occultism separately. Although the Armanen runes go back to List, Rudolf John Gorsleben distinguished himself from other völkisch writers by making the esoteric importance of the runes central to his world view. Goodrick-Clarke therefore refers to the doctrine of Kummer and Gorsleben and his followers as rune occultism, a description which also fits the eclectic work of Karl Spiesberger. Highly practical systems of rune occultism, influenced mainly by List, were developed byFriedrich Bernhard Marby and Siegfried Adolf Kummer (Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 160-62). Also worthy of mention are Peryt Shou, the occult novelist; A. Frank Glahn, noted more for his pendulum dowsing; Rudolf von Sebottendorff and Walter Nauhaus, who built up theThule Society; and Karl Maria Wiligut, who was the most notable occultist working for the SS.
Organisations include: the Guido von List Society, the High Armanen Order, the Lumen Club, the Ordo Novi Templi, theGermanenorden (in which a schism occurred) and the Thule Society.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariosophy
Pierce’s racist imagination is ultimately driven by a crusading zeal to save
the Aryan race by building a territorial enclave of white rule in the Appalachian
Mountains. This notion corresponds to ideas current in the Christian
Identity movement, which drew its original inspiration from late-nineteenth-
century British-Israelism. This loose Christian grouping in England
originally claimed the chosen status of theAnglo-Saxon races as the lost tribes
of Israel (as distinct from the Jews of Judah) but displayed little or no hostility
toward the Jews.However, by the 1930s the American followers of British-
Israelism had embraced a fierce anti-Semitic theology that regarded the Jews
as the implacable enemies of the Aryan race in America. Since the 1970s, the
Christian Identity movement has been a loose network comprising, among
others, the Church of Jesus Christ Christian, Aryan Nations; the Church of
Christ; and theNewChristianCrusade Church (nowsuperseded by the Christian
Defense League) of JamesWarner, formerly with the NSWPP. Aryan Nations
advocates the creation of a territorial sanctuary and eventually a white
sovereign national state in the Pacific Northwest states. The religious sentiments
of election, demonology and an inevitable apocalyptic battle between
the Aryans and the Zionist-led forces of darkness color Identity thinking.38
Although no supporter of Identity himself, Pierce’s own brand of Nazi
racism displays a similar sectarian concern with the embattled white Aryan
elect and a coming Armageddon against the Jewish political establishment.
http://www.jrbooksonline.com/PDF_Books/TurnerDiaries.pdf
The Turner Diaries is a novel written in 1978 by William Luther Pierce (former leader of the white nationalist organization National Alliance) under the pseudonym "Andrew Macdonald".The Turner Diaries depicts a violent revolution in the United States which leads to the overthrow of the United States federal government, nuclear war, and, ultimately, to a race war leading to the extermination of all "impure" groups such as Jews,gay people, and non-whites.[2] The book was called "explicitly racist and anti-Semitic" byThe New York Times and has been labeled a "bible of the racist right" by the Southern Poverty Law Center.The novel has been associated with a number of real-life violent crimes committed by white separatists and other radicals. Two pages of the book containing a scene depicting preparation for the bombing of the J. Edgar Hoover Building, the FBI national headquarters, were found in the getaway car of Timothy McVeigh, the perpetrator of the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995.
Pierce’s underground right-wing novel, The Turner Diaries (1978), presents
an eyewitness account of a future armed struggle of white revolutionaries
against the “System,” regarded as an oppressive and corrupt U.S. government
dominated by liberals, Jews, blacks and other minorities—all committed to
anti-racist, egalitarian public policy. In a compelling narrative, the novel describes
the activities of a young white patriot, Earl Turner, and his fellow
fighters in the “Organization” in the wake of a government crackdown on the
private possession of firearms. They are further politicized by ever more
forceful measures to achieve complete racial integration. Pursued by the
hated racial-equality police, Turner and his confederates start to fight back
with a campaign of sabotage and assassination. As the struggle escalates, an
all-out race war breaks out across the United States.
The guerrilla tactics of the Organization against the System lead to civil
war following a successful military attack on Los Angeles, racial mutiny in the
local armed forces and large-scale defections to the rebels. Through draconian
measures of racial segregation and the forced collection and expulsion of
the colored population, a large white enclave in southern California is estab-
lished as a base for the assault on the rest of the country. Pierce’s novel glories
in detailed description of mayhem and wholesale destruction as the Organization
daily gathers new forces and strikes at other major U.S. cities in a war
of attrition against the Jewish-dominated multiracial establishment still entrenched
in Washington and New York. Nuclear bombs devastate Miami,
Charleston, Detroit and New York. Israel and the Soviet Union are attacked,
and the number of dead victims in the United States alone exceeds 60 million.
Total savagery and a relapse into barbarianism mark a period of five “dark
years” until the final “liberation” of North America in early 1999.
The Turner Diaries describe a white revolution against the alleged political
domination of the U.S.A. by Jewry and the ethnic cleansing of blacks, Hispanics
and other colored peoples in America. But Pierce’s Nazi inspiration is
manifest in the numerous references and passages that uncannily recall the
Nazi extermination of Jewry during the Second World War. The Organization
issues proclamations warning of the dire consequences to anyone who knowingly
harbors a Jew or other non-white during the deportations. While the
blacks are summarily expelled to System-held territory, the Jews and other
half-castes are marched away to their death in a canyon, reminiscent of the
1941 massacre of Ukrainian Jews in the ravine of Babi Yar near Kiev. In order
to instill terror and right racial thinking in the civilian population of the California
enclave, some 60,000 anti-racists among former leading politicians,
lawyers, media and press personnel, teachers and priests are hanged in a single
day of lynchings; the victims bear placards reading “I betrayed my race.”
Female partners of mixed couples are similarly dispatched with the caption,
“I defiled my race.” The small beginnings and growth of the Organization reflect
the rise of the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany, while its inner elite is
called the Order (identified as a successor to the SS). The Aryan revolution is
seen as a replay of the uncompleted Holocaust in the 1940s, and “the dream
of a White world” is finally realized “just 110 years after the birth of the Great
One [i.e., Adolf Hitler].”39
The white revolution is ultimately global. After nuclear attack, Israel is
overrun by the Arabs, and anti-Semitism becomes endemic in the European
states and the Soviet Union. The victory of the white Aryan forces in America
soon reaches Europe.
The takeover came in a great, Europe-wide rush in the summer and fall of
1999, as a cleansing hurricane of change swept over the continent, clearing
away in a few months the refuse of a millennium or more of alien ideology and
a century or more of profound moral and material decadence. The blood
flowed ankle-deep in the streets of many of Europe’s great cities momentarily,
as the race traitors, the offspring of generations of dysgenic breeding, and
hordes of Gastarbeiter met a common fate. The great dawn of the New Era
broke over the Western world.40
The global victory of the Organization is completed with the annihilation of
the Chinese in a campaign involving chemical, biological and radiological
weapons and the creation of a “Great Eastern Waste” extending 16 million
square miles from the Urals to the Pacific, from the Arctic to the Indian
Ocean.
Pierce’s projection of anti-Semitic and racist Nazi fantasies into a millenarian
vision of universal Nazi rule is unique. His paranoid view of liberal,
democratic society assumes strong religious overtones in its fervor and apocalyptic
release. A foreword, ostensibly written a century hence, describes Earl
Turner as being born in 43 bne (Before New Era) in Los Angeles, a former
metropolitan area now occupied by the Aryan communities of Eckartsville
and Wesselton (named for Hitler’s mentor Dietrich Eckart and Nazi martyr
Horst Wessel).41 Writing of the early beginnings of the white revolution in
California, Turner prophesies “we are forging the nucleus of a new society, a
whole new civilization, which will rise from the ashes of the old. . . . There is
no way a society based on Aryan values and an Aryan outlook can evolve from
a society which has succumbed to Jewish spiritual corruption.”42
The prophetic and religious aura of universal Nazism has brought The
Turner Diaries an international underground readership. The book circulates
widely among American and European neo-Nazi groups as a kind of modern
Mein Kampf. During the 1980s the novel was sold by the National Front and
has had an important influence on the recent development of neo-Nazi terrorism
in Britain.
Pierce’s apocalypse soon became manifest in the United States with the
formation of a militant racist sect called The Order at Metaline Falls,Washington,
in September 1983.
Also known as the Brüders Schweigen or Silent Brotherhood, this terrorist group was founded by Robert Jay Mathews (b.1953), who had a long history of far-right links. His plan was the creation of a small cell with the will and resources to attack and overthrow the “Zionist
Occupation Government” (ZOG) of the United States. For this purpose he
required funds to buy arms for a guerrilla campaign against the state, which,
it was expected, would lead to a mass revolt of the white population. The
Order began its operations with large-scale counterfeiting and armed robbery,
stealing $3.8 million from a Brinks armored car in Ukiah, California, in
July 1984. Other acts of violence included the assassination of Alan Berg, a
Jewish radio presenter in Denver known for his outspoken opposition to
right-wing groups. Mathews was killed by the FBI in a siege at Whidbey Island,
Washington, in December 1984, while the remaining Order members
were apprehended in 1985 and 1986.43
The inspiration for The Order came directly from The Turner Diaries.
Mathews told recruits that his organization was based on the fictional inner
elite and presented the book to members. There are also many other parallels
with the novel, including the use of code names, the production of “hit lists”
of racial and ideological enemies, the execution of traitors and the initiation
of members through a ritual oath.Members taking the Order oath upon “the
green graves of our sires [and] the children in the wombs of our wives” swore
“to do whatever is necessary to deliver our people from the Jew and bring total
victory to the Aryan race.” While Mathews’s own religious inclination was
pagan Odinist, he also had Christian Identity connections with Aryan Nations
while a quarter of The Order’s recruits had Identity associations with
Aryan Nations and Church of Jesus Christ Christian. David Lane, who drove
the getaway car after the Berg murder, was an Identity church member and
also founded the 14 Word Press, whose motto has become a mantra for white
identity groups across the world (“We must secure the existence of our people
and a future for white children”).
The Turner Diaries has in turn influenced the Christian Identity movement.
In the latter half of the 1980s, Christian Identity groups elaborated varied
plans for the secession of a separate Aryan territory, a theme anticipated
by Pierce’s novel,with the establishment of a white California as the first stage
of the revolution.45 Pierce popularized the idea that the U.S. government is a
Jewish-controlled puppet regime, which has now become a staple of far-right
racist discourse under the ZOG acronym. The power of the book to motivate
far-right terrorism is undiminished. Friends recall that Timothy McVeigh,
convicted of the Oklahoma City bombing of April 1995, the largest terrorist
atrocity in the history of the United States, repeatedly reread the novel, and it
is claimed that he also copied the bomb attack on an FBI office described in
its pages down to the smallest details of his delivery and timing.46
The swift defeat of The Order led the radical right to formulate more secretive
and desperate strategies for a race war. Eschewing all organizational
frameworks as too vulnerable to official penetration, many Nazis now advocate
terrorist actions by individuals or very small independent cells. Bombs
and murder replace nuclear devices and open warfare.William Pierce again
supplied fictional inspiration with his second novel, Hunter (1989), which
describes Oscar Yeagar’s one-man war against Jews and colored people, especially
mixed-race couples. The concept of the “lone wolf” was not new.
Misfits and psychopaths in the American Nazi movement such as Joseph G.
Christopher, Joseph Paul Franklin (a.k.a. James Vaughn) and Frank G. Spisak
committed serial racial killings in the early 1980s, while John Hinckley, the
would-be assassin of President Ronald Reagan, also had Nazi affiliations.47
While James Mason applauded these murders in the pages of Siege, Pierce was
outlining a new tactic against the superior military power of the state.Hunter
suggests that isolated, small-scale and untraceable acts of violence can raise
public racial awareness and effectively demoralize and destabilize multiracial
society.48
Another strand in this thinking was supplied by Richard Kelly Hoskins, a
Christian Identity follower, who wrote about “the Phineas Priesthood” based
on biblical references in Numbers and Psalms.When the Lord is angered by
the Israelites’ cohabitation with Moabite women, Phinehas (in the King James
spelling), the grandson of Aaron, thrusts his spear through a race-mixing pair
of lovers. The Lord is pleased, spares the Israelites from the plague and makes
a covenant of “an everlasting priesthood” with the zealous Phinehas (Numbers
25:6–13). The psalm text repeats the story, saying that Phinehas “executed
judgment” and the plague was stayed (Psalms 106:30). Hoskins claims
that corruption and disease always result when strangers force their way into
Christian society, and he identifies a line of “Phineas Priests”who have purged
the aliens through history, ranging from King Arthur and Robin Hood to the
Ku Klux Klan and the SS.49 The modern Phineas Priesthood is a cult of lone
killers who never link up but carry out independent acts of murder against
blacks, Jews, homosexuals, liberals and left-wingers, all perceived as the enemies
of the white race.
Louis Beam, another Identity figure with a Texas Klan background, supplied
a strategic framework for these acts of individual terrorism. Beam had
been involved in The Order and was a leading defendant in the Fort Worth
sedition trial (1988) arising from its activities. The FBI shooting of the Weaver
family at their home on Ruby Ridge, Idaho, had led to a seminal conference
of patriots, far-right groups and Christian Identity followers at Estes Park,
Colorado, in October 1992. Here Beam outlined a new blueprint for militant
opposition to ZOG in his highly influential essay, “Leaderless Resistance.”He
was convinced that anti-government resistance with hierarchical command
structures was hopeless and suicidal. The cellular model developed by Russian
revolutionary communism had an advantage, as the loss of a single cell
still left the rest of the structure intact. But such cells required central direction
and outside resources that the far right could not afford. Beam concluded
that the only rational strategy was “leaderless resistance” or “phantom cells.”
Single individuals or tiny groups should operate in total isolation from one
another, while the need for central direction would be obviated by their com-
mon outlook and similar reaction to given situations. He allowed that alternative
communications media could reinforce these uniform attitudes, an evident
reference to the increasing use of the Internet by far-right and racist
groups worldwide.50
A Vietnam War veteran with a capacity for passionate oratory, Beam was
an important ideological inspiration to the far-right underground of the
1990s. Leaderless resistance offered several attractions to the Nazis who now
despaired of mass electoral strategies or armed uprisings. It promised security
from enemy infiltration; it avoided the embarrassing question of why
the Nazi movement cannot attract a mass following; and it suggested that
stealth could succeed where heroism had failed.While avoiding any specific
mention of violent acts, Beam’s message was clear. With its scattershot of
mayhem, sabotage and murder, leaderless resistance would represent an “intelligence
nightmare” to government. The strategy has now been adopted by
individuals associated with The Order in the United States, Combat 18 in
Britain and White Aryan Resistance (Vit Arikst Motstånd, VAM) in Sweden.
Acting singly or in small groups, Nazis pick a target, then strike and destroy.
The absence of any formal organization makes official reaction hesitant and
detection difficult. Timothy McVeigh’s passage from the Michigan militia to
his “lone wolf” bombing in Oklahoma City suggests a similar tactical progression.
Harold Covington briefly featured as a leader on the American Nazi scene.
Following his involvement with the NSPA at the Greensboro massacre, Covington
left the United States and traveled to Ireland, Britain and Rhodesia, acquiring
an Irish wife and dual citizenship. Back in the States, he succeeded
Frank Collin as leader of the NSPA in 1980, and then won 56,000 votes in a
primary election as the Republican candidate for the post of state attorney
general. In 1981 he founded his own Excalibur Society, which advocated Nazi
policies on racial, social and economic issues. Yet he remained close to Sean
McGuire, a Klansman with strong IRA sympathies, while penning his own
“Mein Kampf.” Covington’s book The March up Country maps out the Nazi
path to power in America. Later, in the summer of 1991, Covington began to
plan an international network of Nazi terrorist cells in Europe based on common
enemies and linked by modern computer communications. He made
contact with the Swedish VAM, whose guerrilla activities extended to Norway
and eastern Germany. In 1991–92 he worked closely with the Sargent brothers
in setting up Combat 18 in Britain. Through clandestine bulletins, this
Nazi militia publishes lists of the private addresses of its enemies who are affiliated
with left-wing, green and peace politics, who are then subject to death
threats and attacks by individual cell members.
Covington refounded the NSWPP in April 1994 at his Chapel Hill, North
Carolina, base. Once again, the NSWPP was for a short while the most active
self-proclaimed Nazi party in the States. Under the Orwellian pseudonym of
Winston Smith,Covington maintained a prodigious propaganda output with
a daily Internet bulletin and a weekly paper, Resistance, in loose-leaf format.
Domestic and international links were maintained at high volume via e-mail
and a website. Loyal to Rockwell’s original vision, the new NSWPP was a revolutionary
Aryan party that sought to ensure the survival of white people in
North America by the creation of a sovereign Aryan Republic. Covington’s
program was aggressive and inflammatory in seeking to mobilize disgruntled
white voters against an administration that enfranchises racial aliens to guarantee
its political survival. Covington had issued dire warnings about President
Bill Clinton’s second term, foreseeing a “terrible time of tyranny, corruption,
and collapse into Brazil-style squalor.”52 But, as indicated by his book
and terrorist links, Covington actually despaired of mass electoral strategy. In
view of worsening racial conditions in America (racial quotas, hate crime
laws, media vilification of white identity), he believes it is time for the Nazi
movement to accept armed struggle as the next phase of its development.53
He is no longer fronting the revived NSWPP.
In comparison with native right-wing radical organizations such as the
Klu Klux Klan, the Christian Identity movement, Posse Comitatus and the
survivalists, American Nazi groups like the NSWPP, the New Order and the
National Alliance appear exotic and distinctly un-American. American neo-
Nazism has attempted to graft its own religious doctrine rooted in a dualist
anti-Semitic demonology onto complex issues of black desegregation and
mass Third World immigration, which continue to cause genuine social
stress. However, most anti-integration groups such as the White Citizens
Councils were very pro-American, were by no means anti-Semitic, and resisted
any Nazi association. This critical disjunction between the political circumstances
of integration and anti-Semitic ideology helps explain why
American neo-Nazism remains a sectarian phenomenon. The success of any
neo-Nazi movement beyond its sectarian activities must involve the building
of a wider base among alienated sections of white American society. There is
some evidence that efforts have been made to carry the message to groups
such as skinheads (see chapter 10), the Patriots (see chapter 14), and white
prisoners, especially in the South.54
However, in certain respects, neo-Nazism commends itself to a tradition of
religious fundamentalism in the United States. After Rockwell’s flamboyant
gospel, Matt Koehl presided over a Nazi church. In their sectarian enclave,
American neo-Nazis embrace a prophetic religion in which Hitler is no less
than a Christ figure, and Rockwell equates to St. Paul. As Jim Saleam has argued,
the neo-Nazis see
Nazi Germany’s twelve years [as Hitler’s ministry], the times of revealed faith
and miracles. The war was the crucifixion. The swastika was the cross, a talisman
against evil. The Nazi chiefs were Hitler’s disciples. The Nuremberg trials
produced martyrs and forced the faith into the political catacombs. No
man spoke Hitler’s name for fear of the Jews. However, Rockwell was converted
to the new faith and charged with the mission of proselytizing the new
doctrine.Whereas Hitler preached only to the Germans, Rockwell would convert
all nations.55
Saleam goes on to compare Rockwell’s assassination as a betrayal by a disciple
in the manner of Judas, while Matt Koehl becomes the first pope of a
church built on orthodoxy, while he is empowered with the keys of salvation
and rites of excommunication from the one true party. There is a indeed
a certain structural, if not theological, parallel between the Christian
gospel and the racial evangel of neo-Nazism. This prophetic and structural
similiarity, especially in view of the millenarianism and the messianic
status of Hitler in neo-Nazism, makes this doctrine of racial salvation
intelligible to individuals in a culture where Christian fundamentalism
has always flourished.
The Nazi heritage of George Lincoln Rockwell can be traced back to the
patriotic, pro-German and appeasement groups during the 1930s. Rockwell
and his own heirs in America have continued to peddle a similar offering of
anti-Semitism and ultranationalism while adding new postwar concerns. The
anti-communism of the Cold War era has now been superseded by a suspicion
of federal power and a “New World Order.”However, the persistent issue
is white identity with racial hatred directed toward blacks and other colored
populations in order to counter the effects of the civil rights movement and
equal-opportunity legislation from the early 1960s up to the present. Second,
given the defeat of the Third Reich, the neo-Nazis espouse an intensified anti-
Semitism that promises the completion of the Holocaust in a new war against
American and international Jewry. Third, and perhaps the hallmark of the
Nazi sects, they practice a devotional cult for Adolf Hitler as the savior of a
white, Western world. In all Nazi groups, Hitler’s birthday is regularly celebrated
as the high point of their calendar, a time when Nazi relics are collected
and displayed in secret shrines. Both the trappings and the myths of American
Nazism reflect the behavior of a persecuted religious sect that prepares for
militant action against a fallen world.
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