Abdullah II, King of Jordan Abramovich, Roman Ackermann, Josef Adeane, Edward Agius, Marcus Ahtisaari, Martti Akerson, Daniel Albert II, King of Belgium Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia

Abdullah II ibn al-Hussein  (Arabic: عبد الله الثاني بن الحسين‎, ʿAbdullāh aṯ-ṯānī ibn al-Ḥusayn; born 30 January 1962) is theKing of Jordan. He ascended the throne on 7 February 1999 upon the death of his father King Hussein. King Abdullah, whose mother is Princess Muna al-Hussein, is a member of the Hashemite family.
Coat of arms of Jordan.svg Coat of arms of Kingdom of Iraq (1921–1958).png
The Light Dragoons (LD) is a cavalry regiment in the British Army. The regiment is a light cavalry regiment with a history in the reconnaissance role which dates back to the early eighteenth century. It is currently based inRobertson Barracks Swanton Morley, Norfolk (formerly RAF Swanton Morley).
Light Dragoons Cap Badge.svg
Hashemite (also spelled Hashimite), is the English-language version of the Arabic: هاشمي‎, transliteration: Hāšimī, and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or "clan of Hashim", an Arabian clan within the largerQuraysh tribe. It also refers to an Arab dynasty whose original strength stemmed from the network of tribal alliances and blood loyalties in the Hejaz region of Arabia, along the Red Sea.

Sharif Hussein bin Ali rebelled against the rule of the Ottomans during the Arab Revolt of 1916.[4] Between 1917 and 1924, after the collapse of Ottoman power, Hussein bin Ali ruled an independent Hejaz, of which he proclaimed himself king, with the tacit support of the British Foreign Office. His supporters are sometimes referred to as "Sharifians" or the "Sharifian party". Hussein bin Ali's chief rival in the Arabian Peninsula, the king of the Najd (highlands), Ibn Saud, annexed the Hejaz in 1925 and established his own son, Faysal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, as governor. The region was later incorporated into Saudi Arabia.
Hussein bin Ali had five sons:
Today Hashemites have spread in many places where Muslims have ruled, namely Iran, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Qatar, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Somalia, Yemen, Djibouti, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia, Northern Sudan, and Turkey. Some Hashemites in these countries carry the title Sayyid. Many members of the Banu Hashim have spread out across the world but so far there has been no attempt to register them all under one record. The Royal family of Morocco also claims ancestry from Ali (Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib) but they do not use Hashemite as their dynastic name. The Awan tribe of Pakistan also trace their ancestry from Ali.[5]
The Awan deserve close attention, because of their historical importance and, above all, because they settled in the west, right up to the edge of Baluchi and Pashtun territory. Legend has it that their origins go back to Imam Ali and his second wife, Hanafiya. Historians describe them as valiant warriors who fought with the Janjua and other Rajput tribes in part of the Salt Range, and eventually lost again and again. They established large colonies all along the Indus to Sind, and a densely populated centre not far from Lahore. Eventually they did win spiritually with the large scale voluntary conversion of Sind Rajpoots. Such types of claims are very common in the Indian subcontinent.[5][6][7][8]
Abdullah was born in Amman to King Hussein during his marriage to British-born Princess Muna al-Hussein (born Antoinette Avril Gardiner). He was the king's eldest son[1] and as such he was heir apparent to the throne of Jordanunder the 1952 constitution. However, due to unstable times in the 1960s, King Hussein decided to appoint his brother,Prince Hassan bin Talal, as his heir.[1][3]
Abdullah attended St Edmund's School, Hindhead, in England, before continuing his education in the United States atEaglebrook School and Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts. In 1980 he joined the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, was commissioned into the British Army as a Second Lieutenant, and served for a year as a troop commander in the 13th/18th Royal Hussars.[1] In 1982, Abdullah was admitted to Pembroke College, Oxford, where he completed a one-year Special Studies course in Middle Eastern Affairs. In 1987, he attended the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.[4] In 1993, he assumed command of Jordan's Special Forces and became a Major Generalin May 1998.
In the 1960s, King Hussein had arranged for the throne to pass to his brother and then to his son Prince Ali bin Al Hussein, but he later decided to change his mind. He seriously considered appointing one of his nephews as heir, but on his deathbed, on 25 January 1999, he named Abdullah as his heir.[5]


Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich (Russian: Рома́н Арка́дьевич Абрамо́вич, pronounced [rɐˈman ɐrˈkadʲjɪvʲɪt͡ɕ ɐbrɐˈmovʲɪt͡ɕ]; born 24 October 1966) is a Russian businessman, investor and politician. He is the main owner of the private investment company Millhouse LLC. He is known outside Russia as the owner of Chelsea Football Club, an English Premier League football team.
Abramovich, with an estimated fortune of U.S. $14.6 billion, is currently the 5th richest person in Russia and the 50th richest person in the world, according to the 2014 Forbes list. According to Bloomberg, Abramovich's net worth in 2014, was $14.2 billion (April 2014).[2]


Josef Meinrad Ackermann (born 7 February 1948) is a Swiss banker and former chief executive officer of Deutsche Bank. He has also been the member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty.
Ackermann agreed at the end of 2009 to continue as chief executive of Deutsche Bank for another three years until 2013.[4] At the annual shareholder meeting in late May 2012, he "handed over the CEO baton" to co-CEOs Anshu Jainand Juergen Fitschen.[5]
According to the Financial Times Deutschland Ackerman earned €9.4 million in 2009 and €8.8 million in 2010.[6] His included bonus in 2009 was €8.2 million and €7.1 million in 2010. He is a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.[7]
Other positions held:
Days after retirement and on the eve of a conference call by G7 finance ministers and central bank governors on the continuing European debt crisis, Ackerman said in a speech to the Atlantic Council that "Germany will ultimately take whatever steps [are] necessary to keep the euro zone intact", according to one report. The country "is moving cautiously because it simply fears that countries on the European periphery will stop reform measures if they see that Berlin is going to guarantee everything", he continued.[10]
He was a non-executive director of Vodafone from 2000-2002.
In November 2014 he was elected as chairman of the board of directors of the Bank of Cyprus following the proposal of the new major shareholder of the bankWilbur Ross.
The Group of Thirty, often abbreviated to G30, is an international body of leading financiers and academics which aims to deepen understanding of economic and financial issues and to examine consequences of decisions made in the public and private sectors related to these issues. Topical areas within the interest of the group include: the Foreign exchange market, international capital markets, international financial institutions, central banks and their supervision of financial services and markets, and Macroeconomic issues such as product and labor markets.
The group is noted for its advocacy of changes in global clearing and settlement.
The group consists of thirty members and includes the heads of major private banks and central banks, as well as members from academia and international institutions. It holds two full meetings each year and also organises seminars, symposia, and study groups. It is based in Washington, D.C.
The Group of Thirty was founded in 1978 by Geoffrey Bell at the initiative of the Rockefeller Foundation,[1] which also provided initial funding for the body. Its first chairman was Johannes Witteveen, the former managing director of theInternational Monetary Fund. The G30's current Chairman is Jean-Claude Trichet.[2] Its current Chairman of the Board of Trustees is Jacob Frenkel, and Paul Volcker is Chairman Emeritus.
The Bellagio Group, formed by Austrian economist Fritz Machlup, was the immediate predecessor to the Group of Thirty.[3] It first met in 1963, to investigate international currency problems, particularly the balance of payments crisiswhich America faced throughout the early 1960s.
The members of the Group of Thirty are:[6]



The Hon. (George) Edward Adeane, CVO (born 4 October 1939), Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales 1979 to 1985.
Adeane was born in 1939, son of Michael Adeane. He was educated at Eton College and Magdalene College, University of Cambridge, where he graduated with anMA. He was a Page of Honour to The Queen from 1954 to 1956.[1]
In 1960-1961 he was a Plebiscite Supervisor in the Southern Cameroon. He joined the Middle Temple in July 1962, and practised as a libel barrister 1962-1979.
Adeane was appointed Private Secretary and Treasurer to the Prince of Wales in May 1979. He retired on 31 March 1985. From 1981 he was also Treasurer and from 1984 also Private Secretary to the Princess of Wales. He was Equerry to the Prince of Wales 1979-1981, and has been Extra Equerry since 1985.[1]
From 1993 he was Trustee of the British Library, and trustee of the Leeds Castle Foundation 1991, and the Lambeth Palace Library 1991.
He has been a company director since 1985, including of Hanson since 1992; Hambros Bank 1986 (executive director, compliance since 1991); Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance 1985; English and Scottish Investors Plc 1986; and Hambros Channel Islands Trust Corp Ltd.[citation needed]
Adeane was appointed a CVO in 1985.[1]
Lieutenant-Colonel Michael Edward Adeane, Baron Adeane GCB GCVO PC (30 September 1910 – 30 April 1984), was Private Secretary to Queen Elizabeth II during the first twenty years of her reign.
Adeane was a maternal grandson of Lord Stamfordham, Private Secretary to Queen Victoria and King George V. He was educated at Eton and graduated from Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1934 with a Master of Arts degree. He then travelled to Canada and was aide-de-camp to Lord Bessborough from 1934 to 1934 and then to his successor,Lord Tweedsmuir until 1936.
Adeane then returned to England and became George VI's Assistant Private Secretary from 1945 after five and a half years on active military duty,[1] a post he held until the latter's death in 1952. He continued in that post for Queen Elizabeth until 1953 when he was promoted to Private Secretary and admitted to the Privy Council. In 1961 during a Royal visit to Nepal he was credited with a share a tiger kill with Sir Christopher Bonham-Carter in a royal tiger hunt.[2]The tiger shooting role had fallen to him after the Queen had declined, the Duke of Edinburgh had been unable to shoot due to having his trigger finger in a splint and the then Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home had missed twice.[2]
In 1959, Adeane received the Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria[3] and in 1972, he was given a life peerage as Baron Adeane, of Stamfordham in the County of Northumberland. His wife died in 1994.
His son, the Hon. Edward Adeane, CVO, a noted barrister, was Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales 1979-1985.

Private Secretaries to the Sovereign


Marcus Ambrose Paul Agius (/ˈeɪdʒəs/; born 22 July 1946)[2] is a British financier and former Group chairman ofBarclays.[3] He currently serves on the BBC's new executive board as a senior non-executive director.[4]
Agius is the son of Ena Eleanora (née Hueffer) and Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Victor Louis Benedict Agius.[5] He is of part Maltese descent,[6] and was educated at St George's College, Weybridge. He earned his degree in Mechanical Sciences and Economics at Trinity Hall, Cambridge,[4] and also holds an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Marcus' banking career began at the investment bank, Lazard, where he worked from 1972 to 2006 holding several senior positions. He was appointed as the Chairman of the London branch of Lazard in 2001 and Deputy Chairman of Lazard LLC in 2002.[7]
He joined BAA PLC as a non-executive Director in 1995 and served as its chairman from 2002 till 2006.
On 1 September 2006, Agius joined the Barclays board as a non-executive Director and succeeded Matthew Barrett as chairman from 1 January 2007. His most recently reported salary was £750,000.[8]
On 2 July 2012 it was announced that Agius would resign following the Barclays fine for manipulation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor) by some Barclays employees in the Libor scandal.[3][9] However, in November 2012, it was reported in the press that he might be retained as a consultant.[10]
On 3 July 2012 it was announced that Agius was reinstated as "full-time chairman", following the resignation of CEO Bob Diamond.[11] Agius will serve as chairman until a new chief executive is appointed.[11] During his time at Barclays Aguis attended the 2011 meeting of the Bilderberg Group.[12]
Since 2010, Agius is the chairman of the British Bankers Association (BBA).[2] Libor (formally BBA LIBOR) being calculated and published by Thomson Reuters on behalf of the BBA.
The British Bankers’ Association (BBA) is a trade association for the UK banking and financial services sector. It represents over 250 members, which are financial service providers registered in the UK. These member banks collectively provide a wide range of banking and financial services.
The association lobbies for its members and provides legislative and regulatory system for banking in the UK.
Marcus, a Roman Catholic,[14] married Katherine (born 1949), daughter of Edmund de Rothschild of the Rothschild banking family of England and has a close involvement with the Rothschild family estate, Exbury Gardens in Hampshire. They have two children.[15] In 2010 The Tablet named him as one of Britain's most influential Roman Catholics.[16]
He is also a passionate gardener and art collector.[17]


Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari (Finnish: [ˈmɑrtːi ˈoiʋɑ ˈkɑleʋi ˈɑħtiˌsɑːri] ( listen); born 23 June 1937) is a Finnish politician, the tenth President of Finland (1994–2000), Nobel Peace Prize laureate and United Nations diplomat and mediator, noted for his international peace work.
Ahtisaari was a United Nations Special Envoy for Kosovo, charged with organizing Kosovo status process negotiations, aimed at resolving a long-running dispute in Kosovo, which declared its independence from Serbia in 2008. In October 2008, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts".[3] The Nobel statement said that Ahtisaari has played a prominent role in resolving many conflicts in Namibia; Aceh, Indonesia;[4] Kosovo and Iraq, among other areas.[5]
In Finnish politics, Ahtisaari has stressed how important it is for Finland to join NATO.[23] Ahtisaari has argued that Finland should be a full member of NATO and the EU in order "to shrug off once and for all the burden of Finlandization".[24] He believes politicians should file application and make Finland a member. He says that the way Finnish politicians avoid expressing their opinion is disturbing.[25] He has noted that the so-called "NATO option" is an illusion, making an analogy to trying to obtain fire insurance when the fire has already started.[26]
Since leaving office, Ahtisaari has held positions in various international organizations. Ahtisaari also founded the independent Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) with the goal of developing and sustaining peace in troubled areas. On 1 December 2000, Ahtisaari was awarded the J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding by the Fulbright Association in recognition of his work as peacemaker in some of the world's most troubled areas.
In 2000–01, Ahtisaari and Cyril Ramaphosa inspected IRA weapons dumps for the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, as part of the Northern Ireland peace process.[27]
In 2005, Ahtisaari successfully led peace negotiations between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesiangovernment through his non-governmental organization CMI. The negotiations ended on 15 August 2005 with the signing of the Helsinki MOU on disarmament of GAM rebels, the dropping of GAM demands for an independent Aceh, and a withdrawal of Indonesian forces.
In November 2005, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Ahtisaari as Special Envoy for the Kosovo status processwhich was to determine whether Kosovo, having been administered by the United Nations since 1999, should become independent or remain a province of Serbia. In early 2006, Ahtisaari opened the UN Office of the Special Envoy for Kosovo (UNOSEK) in Vienna, Austria, from where he conducted the Kosovo status negotiations. Those opposed to Ahtisaari's settlement proposal, which involved an internationally monitored independence for Kosovo, sought to discredit him. Allegations made by Balkan media sources of corruption and improper conduct by Ahtisaari were described by US State Department spokesman Tom Casey as "spurious", adding that Ahtisaari's plan is the "best solution possible" and has the "full endorsement of the United States".[28]The New York Times suggested that this criticism of Ahtisaari on the part of the Serbs had led to the "bogging down" of the Kosovo status talks.[29] In November 2008, Serbian media reported Pierre Mirel, director of the EU enlargement commission's western Balkans division as saying: "The EU has accepted that the deployment of EULEX has to be approved by the United Nations Security Council, and that the mission has to be neutral and will not be related to the Ahtisaari plan," Mirel said, following his meeting with Serbia's vice-president Bozidar Djelic.[30]
In July 2007, however, when the EU, Russia and the United States agreed to find a new format for the talks, Ahtisaari announced that he regarded his mission as over. Since neither the UN nor the troika had asked him to continue mediations in the face of Russia's persistent refusal to support independence for Kosovo, he said he would nonetheless be willing to take on "a role as consultant", if requested.[31] After a period of uncertainty and mounting tension, Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia in February 2008.[32]
In his work, he has emphasised the importance of the United States in the peace process, stating that "There can be no peace without America."[33]
As a former head of state, Ahtisaari is a member of the Club de Madrid.[34]
Ahtisaari was chairman of the Interpeace Governing Council from 2000-2009.[35][36][37] Since 2009, Ahtisaari has been Chairman Emeritus and a Special Advisor.[38]
Ahtisaari is board director of the ImagineNations Group.
In 2008 Ahtisaari was awarded an honorary degree by University College, London. That same year he received the 2007 UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, for "his lifetime contribution to world peace".[39]
In September 2009 Ahtisaari joined The Elders,[40] a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues. He travelled to theKorean Peninsula with fellow Elders Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter and Mary Robinson in April 2011,[41] and to South Sudan with Robinson and ArchbishopDesmond Tutu in July 2012.[42]
Ahtisaari is a member of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation's Ibrahim Prize Committee. He is also a member of the board of the European Council on Foreign Relations.http://www.ecfr.eu/
In August 2012, Ahtisaari opined on the sectarian violence in Syria[4] and was mentioned as a possible replacement as Joint Envoy there to succeed formerSecretary-General Kofi Annan.[43][44] However, Ahtisaari then told the Finnish state broadcaster YLE that "he wished the mission would fall on someone else"[45]which it ultimately did in the person of Lakhdar Brahimi, a former Algerian foreign minister and longtime U.N. diplomat.[46]

The Elders is an international non-governmental organisation of public figures noted as elder statesmen, peace activists, and human rights advocates, who were brought together by Nelson Mandela in 2007. They describe themselves as "independent global leaders working together for peace and human rights". The goal Mandela set for the Elders was to use their "almost 1,000 years of collective experience" to work on solutions for seemingly insurmountable problems such as climate change, HIV/AIDS, and poverty, as well as to "use their political independence to help resolve some of the world's most intractable conflicts".[3]

The Elders

  1. Martti Ahtisaari, former President of Finland, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
  2. Kofi Annan (Chair), former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
  3. Ela Bhatt, founder of the Self-Employed Women's Association of India
  4. Lakhdar Brahimi, former Foreign Minister of Algeria and United Nations envoy
  5. Gro Harlem Brundtland (Deputy Chair), former Prime Minister of Norway and former Director-General of the World Health Organization
  6. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former President of Brazil
  7. Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
  8. Hina Jilani, international human rights defender from Pakistan
  9. Graça Machel, former Education Minister of Mozambique, President of the Foundation for Community Development and widow of Nelson Mandela
  10. Mary Robinson, former President of Ireland and former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
  11. Ernesto Zedillo, former President of Mexico

The Club de Madrid is an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community. Composed of 95 regular members, 64 of which are former presidents and 39 of which are former prime ministers (some are both)[1] from 65 countries, the Club de Madrid is the world’s largest forum of former Heads of State and Government.[citation needed]
Among its main goals are the strengthening of democratic institutions and counselling on the resolution of political conflicts in two key areas: democratic leadership and governance and response to crisis and post-crisis situations.
The Club de Madrid works together with governments, inter-governmental organizations, civil society, scholars and representatives from the business world, to encourage dialogue in order to foster social and political change. The Club de Madrid also works on the search for effective methods to provide technical advice and recommendations to transitional nations taking steps to establish democracy.

George Papandreou62 GreeceSocialistPrime Minister of Greece (2009–2011)
List of Current Members[edit] Name Age Nation Party Office(s) held Valdas Adamkus in 2005.JPEG Valdas Adamkus 88 Lithuania None President of Lithuania (1998–2003, 2004–2009) Esko Aho-crop.jpg Esko Aho 60 Finland Centre Prime Minister of Finland (1991–1995) Martti Ahtisaari.jpg Martti Ahtisaari 77 Finland Social Democratic President of Finland (1994–2000) Abdul-kareem al-Eryani 80 Yemen North Yemen GPC Prime Minister of North Yemen (1980–1983) Prime Minister of Yemen (1998–2001) Sadiq al-Mahdi 78 Sudan Umma Prime Minister of Sudan (1966–1967, 1986–1989) Óscar Arias.jpg Óscar Arias 74 Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (1986–1990, 2006–2010) Álvaro Arzú 68 Guatemala PAN President of Guatemala (1996–2000) Patricio Aylwin(2011).jpg Patricio Aylwin 96 Chile Christian Democratic President of Chile (1990–1994) Aznar at the Azores, March 17, 2003.jpg José María Aznar 61 Spain PP President of the Government of Spain (1996–2004) Michele Bachelet (2009).jpg Michelle Bachelet 63 Chile Socialist President of Chile (2006–2010, 2014-present) Executive Director of UN Women (2010–2013) Rupiah Banda.jpg Rupiah Banda 77 Zambia MMD President of Zambia (2008–2011) Belisario Betancur.jpg Belisario Betancur 91 Colombia Conservative President of Colombia (1982–1986) Carl Bildt under nationaldagsfirande vid Skansen 2009.jpg Carl Bildt 65 Sweden Moderate Prime Minister of Sweden (1991–1994) High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995–1997) Valdis Birkavs 72 Latvia LC Prime Minister of Latvia (1993–1994) KjellMagneBondevik.JPG Kjell Magne Bondevik 67 Norway Christian Democratic Prime Minister of Norway (1997–2000, 2001–2005) Gro Harlem Brundtland1 2007 04 20.jpg Gro Harlem Brundtland 75 Norway Labour Prime Minister of Norway (1981, 1986–1989, 1990–1996) Director-General of the World Health Organization (1998–2003) BrutonJohn.png John Bruton 67 Ireland Fine Gael Taoiseach of Ireland (1994–1997) EU Ambassador to the United States (2004–2009) Jerzy Buzek, 2010.JPG Jerzy Buzek 74 Poland Civic Platform Prime Minister of Poland (1997–2001) President of the European Parliament (2009–2012) Felipe Calderon 20090130.jpg Felipe Calderón 52 Mexico PAN President of Mexico (2006–2012) Micheline Calmy-Rey 2011.jpg Micheline Calmy-Rey 69 Switzerland Social Democratic Member of the Federal Council (2003–2011) (President in 2011) KimCampbell.jpg Kim Campbell 67 Canada Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada (1993) Fhc-color.jpg Fernando Henrique Cardoso 83 Brazil Social Democracy President of Brazil (1995–2003) Cavaco Silva 2007.jpg Aníbal Cavaco Silva 75 Portugal Social Democratic Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995) President of Portugal (2006–present) Joaquim Chissano.jpg Joaquim Chissano 75 Mozambique FRELIMO President of Mozambique (1986–2005) Jean Chretien 2010.jpg Jean Chrétien 80 Canada Liberal Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003) Bill Clinton.jpg Bill Clinton 68 United States Democratic President of the United States (1993–2001) Dimitrov.JPG Philip Dimitrov 59 Bulgaria SDS Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1991–1992) Luisa Diogo, World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009 1.jpg Luísa Diogo 56 Mozambique FRELIMO Prime Minister of Mozambique (2004–2010) Leonel Fernandez Reyna.jpg Leonel Fernández 60 Dominican Republic PLD President of the Dominican Republic (1996–2000, 2004–2012) José María Figueres 59 Costa Rica PLN President of Costa Rica (1994–1998) Vigdís Finnbogadóttir 84 Iceland None President of Iceland (1980–1996) Vicente Fox flag.jpg Vicente Fox 72 Mexico PAN President of Mexico (2000–2006) Eduardo Frei Chiledebate.jpg Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 72 Chile Christian Democratic President of Chile (1994–2000) Yasuo Fukuda - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2008 cropped.JPG Yasuo Fukuda 78 Japan Liberal Democratic Prime Minister of Japan (2007–2008) César Gaviria, World Economic Forum on Latin America 2009.jpg César Gaviria 67 Colombia Liberal President of Colombia (1990–1994) Secretary General of the Organization of American States (1994–2004) Amine Gemayel 2007.jpg Amine Pierre Gemayel 72 Lebanon Kata'eb President of Lebanon (1982–1988) Felipe Gonzalez-Madrid-28 de enero de 2004.jpg Felipe González 72 Spain Socialist Workers President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996) RIAN archive 850809 General Secretary of the CPSU CC M. Gorbachev (crop).jpg Mikhail Gorbachev 83 Russia Soviet Union Communist (until 1991) General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991) Chairman of the Supreme Soviet/President of the Soviet Union (1988–1991) Alfred Gusenbauer (Erster Mai 2006).jpg Alfred Gusenbauer 54 Austria Social Democratic Chancellor of Austria (2007–2008) António Guterres.jpg António Guterres 65 Portugal Socialist Prime Minister of Portugal (1995–2002) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–present) Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie official portrait.jpg Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie 78 Indonesia Golkar President of Indonesia (1998–1999) Tarja Halonen 1c389 8827-2.jpg Tarja Halonen 70 Finland Social Democratic President of Finland (2000–2012) Han Seung-Soo - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg Han Seung-soo 77 South Korea Saenuri Prime Minister of South Korea (2008–2009) Osvaldo Hurtado 75 Ecuador Christian Democratic President of Ecuador (1981–1984) Alain Juppé in Washington DC.jpg Alain Juppé 69 France UMP Prime Minister of France (1995–1997) Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F074398-0021, Bonn, Pressekonferenz Bundestagswahlkampf, Kohl.jpg Helmut Kohl 84 Germany West Germany Christian Democratic Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990) Chancellor of Germany (1990–1998) Koehlerhorst08032007.jpg Horst Köhler 71 Germany Christian Democratic President of Germany (2004–2010) Wim Kok 1994.jpg Wim Kok 76 Netherlands Labour Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1994–2002) Konare27022007.jpg Alpha Oumar Konaré 68 Mali ADEMA-PASJ President of Mali (1992–2002) Chairman of the AU Commission (2003–2008) Milan Kucan.jpg Milan Kucan 73 Slovenia Yugoslavia Communist (until 1990) None (since 1990) President of Slovenia (1991–2002) John Agyekum Kufuor - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008.jpg John Kufuor 75 Ghana NPP President of Ghana (2001–2009) Chairman of the AU (2007–2008) Chandrika Kumaratunga.jpg Chandrika Kumaratunga 69 Sri Lanka SLFP President of Sri Lanka (1994–2005) Aleksander kwasniewski konferencja.jpg Aleksander Kwasniewski 60 Poland None (since 1995) President of Poland (1995–2005) Luisalbertolacalle2.jpg Luis Alberto Lacalle 73 Uruguay PN President of Uruguay (1990–1995) Ricardo Lagos - Visita a la Moneda 2006.JPG Ricardo Lagos 76 Chile PPD President of Chile (2000–2006) Zlatko lagumdzija.jpg Zlatko Lagumdžija 58 Bosnia and Herzegovina Social Democratic Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001–2002) Lee Hong Koo.png Lee Hong-koo 58 South Korea NKP Prime Minister of South Korea (1994–1995) Ruud Lubbers 1985.jpg Ruud Lubbers 75 Netherlands Christian Democratic Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2001–2005) James Mancham 75 Seychelles Democratic President of Seychelles (1976–1977) António Mascarenhas Monteiro 70 Cape Verde MPD President of Cape Verde (1991–2001) Quett Masire detail DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG Ketumile Masire 89 Botswana BDP President of Botswana (1980–1998) SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg Thabo Mbeki 72 South Africa ANC President of South Africa (1999–2008) Rexhep Meidani.jpg Rexhep Meidani 70 Albania Socialist President of Albania (1997–2002) Benjamin William Mkapa.jpg Benjamin Mkapa 76 Tanzania CCM President of Tanzania (1995–2005) Mogpow2.jpg Festus Mogae 75 Botswana BDP President of Botswana (1998–2008) Olusegun Obasanjo DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg Olusegun Obasanjo 77 Nigeria PDP Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria (1976–1979) President of Nigeria (1999–2007) Roza Otunbayeva in 2011.jpg Roza Otunbayeva 64 Kyrgyzstan Social Democratic (2007–2010) President of Kyrgyzstan (2010–2011) Anand Panyarachun.jpg Anand Panyarachun 82 Thailand None Prime Minister of Thailand (1991–1992) Papandreou handover cropped.jpg George Papandreou 62 Greece Socialist Prime Minister of Greece (2009–2011) Andrespastranaarango.png Andrés Pastrana 60 Colombia Conservative President of Colombia (1998–2002) PJPatterson.jpg P.J. Patterson 79 Jamaica PNP (until 2011) Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992–2006) Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.JPG Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 94 Peru UPP Secretary-General of the United Nations (1982–1991) President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2000–2001) Romano Prodi in Nova Gorica (2c).jpg Romano Prodi 75 Italy Democratic President of the European Commission (1999–2004) President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1996–1998, 2006–2008) Jorge Quiroga-1.jpg Jorge Quiroga 54 Bolivia PODEMOS President of Bolivia (2001–2002) RAMOS jan9 2004.jpg Fidel V. Ramos 86 Philippines Lakas President of the Philippines (1992–1998) José Ramos-Horta Portrait.jpg José Manuel Ramos-Horta 64 East Timor None Prime Minister of East Timor (2006–2007) President of East Timor (2007–2012) Pnr.jpg Poul Nyrup Rasmussen 71 Denmark Social Democrats Prime Minister of Denmark (1993–2001) Mary Robinson at University of California, Santa Barbara 2011Oct21Cropped.jpg Mary Robinson 70 Ireland None President of Ireland (1990–97) UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002) José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero en el Foro Económico Mundial (recortada).jpg José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 54 Spain Socialist Workers President of the Government of Spain (2004–2011) Petre Roman.jpg Petre Roman 68 Romania SR Romania FSN (1989–1991) Prime Minister of Romania (1989–1991) Jorge Sampaio 3.jpg Jorge Sampaio 75 Portugal Socialist President of Portugal (1996–2006) Gonzálo Sánchez de Lozada-Agencia BrasilAntonio Cruz.jpg Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 84 Bolivia MNR President of Bolivia (1993–1997, 2002–2003) PresidenteSanguinettti.jpg Julio María Sanguinetti 78 Uruguay PC President of Uruguay (1985–1990, 1995–2000) Clinton Shipley walk.jpg Jennifer Mary Shipley 62 New Zealand National Prime Minister of New Zealand (1997–1999) Fouad Sinora.jpg Fuad Siniora 71 Lebanon FM Prime Minister of Lebanon (2005–2009) Mário Soares (2003).jpeg Mário Soares 89 Portugal Socialist Prime Minister of Portugal (1976–1978, 1983–1985) President of Portugal (1986–1996) Hanna Suchocka, Prime Minister of Poland 1992-1993.jpg Hanna Suchocka 68 Poland UD Prime Minister of Poland (1992–1993) Boris Tadic 2010.jpg Boris Tadic 56 Serbia NDS-Greens President of Serbia (2004–2012) Alejandro Toledo - Jerusalem 2011.jpg Alejandro Toledo 68 Peru PP President of Peru (2001–2006) Panama.MartinTorrijos.01.jpg Martín Torrijos 51 Panama PRD President of Panama (2004–2009) Danilo Türk - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2010 cropped.jpg Danilo Türk 62 Slovenia None President of Slovenia (2007–2012) Cassam Uteem 73 Mauritius MMM President of Mauritius (1992–2002) Guy Verhofstadt in 2005.jpg Guy Verhofstadt 61 Belgium VLD Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008) Ministru prezidenta tikšanās ar eksprezidenti (4108711953).jpg Vaira Vike-Freiberga 77 Latvia None President of Latvia (1999–2007) Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009.jpg Ernesto Zedillo 62 Mexico PRI President of Mexico (1994–2000) Member statistics[edit] Regional background of members: Africa and the Middle East – 17 the Americas – 27 Asia-Pacific – 10 Europe – 41 Political affiliation of members: Socialist/Social democrat/Centre-left – 35 Centrist – 16 Liberal conservative/Christian democrat/Centre-right – 21 Conservative/Right-wing – 14 No affiliation – 9 Office held (some members have held both): President – 64 Prime Minister – 35 List of Honorary Members[edit] Name Age Nation Party Office(s) held Kofi Annan.jpg Kofi Annan 76 Ghana None Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006) Remise du Prix Sakharov à Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg Aung San Suu Kyi 69 Burma NLD Member of the Burmese House of Representatives (2012–present) Jimmy Carter1.jpg Jimmy Carter 90 United States Democratic President of the United States (1977–81) Enrique V Iglesias 2.jpg Enrique V. Iglesias 84 Uruguay Spain (unknown) President of the Inter-American Development Bank (1998–2005) Secretary General of the Iberoamerican General Secretariat (2005–13) Delors 01.jpg Jacques Delors 89 France Socialist President of the European Commission (1985–95) Javier Solana (2007).jpg Javier Solana 72 Spain Socialist Secretary General of NATO (1995–99) and High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (1999–2009) List of Members of the Constituent Foundations[edit] Name Age Nation Party Office(s) held Diego Hidalgo 72 Spain (unknown) Founder and President of, and donor to, Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) Founding Member and Senior Fellow of the Gorbachev Foundation of North America (GFNA)[3] T. Anthony Jones (unknown) (unknown) (unknown) Vice-President and Executive Director of GFNA[4] George Matthews (unknown) United States (unknown) Chairman and co-founder of GFNA[5] José Manuel Romero Moreno (unknown) Spain (unknown) Vice President of FRIDE[6] List of former members (deceased)[edit] Name Died Nation Party Office(s) held Argentina.RaulAlfonsin.01.jpg Raúl Alfonsín March 31, 2009 (aged 82) Argentina UCR President of Argentina (1983–89) Visita del Calvo-Sotelo 1976.jpg Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo May 3, 2008 (aged 82) Spain UCD President of the Government of Spain (1981–82) Inder Kumar Gujral 071.jpg Inder Kumar Gujral November 30, 2012 (aged 92) India Janata Dal Prime Minister of India (1997–98) Václav Havel cut out.jpg Václav Havel December 18, 2011 (aged 75) Czech Republic Czechoslovakia OF (1989–93) None (1993–2004) President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92) President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003) Ferenc Mádl.jpg Ferenc Mádl May 29, 2011 (aged 80) Hungary None President of Hungary (2000–05) Tadeusz Mazowiecki 80th birthday.jpg Tadeusz Mazowiecki October 28, 2013 (aged 86) Poland PR Poland KO "S" (1980–91) UD (1991–94) Prime Minister of Poland (1989–91) Lennart Meri 1998.jpg Lennart Meri March 14, 2006 (aged 76) Estonia Soviet Union Isamaa (since 1992) President of Estonia (1992–2001) VPC May 2003.jpg Valentín Paniagua October 16, 2006 (aged 70) Peru AC President of Peru (2000–01) Adolfo Suárez González.jpg Adolfo Suárez March 13, 2014 (aged 81) Spain Estado Español MN (until 1977) UCD (1977–82) President of the Government of Spain (1976–81)


Daniel Francis "Dan" Akerson (born October 21, 1948) is the former Chairman and CEO of General Motors, serving from 2010 to 2014. Akerson succeeded Edward Whitacre as CEO on September 1, 2010, and became Chairman of the Board on January 1, 2011. Akerson was a Managing Director of The Carlyle Group and head of global buyout prior to joining General Motors. He joined the General Motors board of directors on July 24, 2009. Akerson also serves on the boards of American Express and the U.S. Naval Academy Foundation,[1] and is now a Vice Chairman and Special Advisor to the Board of Directors for The Carlyle Group.
Akerson was born in Oakland, California, grew up in Mankato, Minnesota, and currently resides in McLean, Virginia. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree inengineering from the United States Naval Academy (Class of 1970) and a Master of Science degree in economics from the London School of Economics.[2] Akersonserved as an officer on a Naval destroyer from 1970-1975. He is a Republican.[3]
Akerson's maternal grandparents are German and his paternal grandparents are Swedish.[4]
Akerson joined MCI Inc. in 1983 where he served as the CFO for several years as well as President and Chief Operating Officer.[5] He left MCI in 1993 to become chairman and chief executive of General Instrument, where he succeeded former and future United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.[6]
In 1996, Akerson was hired to be the chief executive of Nextel. During his tenure as CEO, Nextel's revenues grew from $171.7 million in the year before his arrival to more than $3.3 billion in 1998. Shortly after stepping down as CEO of Nextel in July 1999, Akerson was brought in by Craig McCaw to run Nextlink Communications, later rebranded as XO Communications.[7] XO Communications entered bankruptcy in June 2002, and Akerson resigned as CEO in December 2002.[8] Akersonjoined The Carlyle Group in 2003.[9] While at The Carlyle Group, Akerson ran the Company's largest private equity fund.[10]
In July 2009, Akerson was named to the board of directors of General Motors as a representative of the U.S. Treasury, which owns a 61% stake in GM.[11] On August 12, 2010 it was announced that Akerson would be the successor of Ed Whitacre as CEO of General Motors, starting September 1, 2010 and would also assume the Chairman of the Board position on January 1, 2011. General Motors, during Akerson's first year of tenure in 2011, earned a record $7.6 billion in profit off of $150.3 billion in sales.[12] However, automotive journalist Peter De Lorenzo criticized him heavily for opposing Mark Reuss and the product development team.[13]
In April 2013, investors began to speculate that the 64-year old executive may be considering retirement. The speculation was based solely on changes to Akerson's compensation plan at GM.[14]
On December 10, 2013, GM announced that Akerson will be replaced as CEO of GM by Mary Barra, effective January 15, 2014.[15] It is reported that Akerson's retirement was expedited by his wife's advanced stage cancer,[16] however on March 1, 2014, The Carlyle Group announced that Akerson rejoined the firm as Vice Chairman and Special Advisor to the Board of Directors.[17]

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (/sɑːksˈkoʊˌbɜrɡəndˈɡoʊθə/; German: Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) is a German dynasty, the line of the Saxon House of Wettin that ruled the Ernestine duchies including the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Founded by Ernest Anton, the sixth duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, it is the royal house of several European monarchies, and branches currently reign in Belgium through the descendants of Leopold I, and in the Commonwealth realms through the descendants of Prince Albert. Due to anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom during World War I, George V of the United Kingdom changed the name of his branch from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor in 1917. The same happened in Belgium where it was changed to "van België" (Dutch) or "de Belgique" (French).
Wappen Sachsen Coburg Gotha.png
The House of Windsor is the royal house of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. It was founded by King George V by royal proclamation on 17 July 1917, when he changed the name of the British Royal Family from the German Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (a branch of the House of Wettin) to the English Windsor, due to the anti-German sentiment in the British Empire during World War I.[1] The most prominent member of the House of Windsor is its head, Queen Elizabeth II, who is the reigning monarch of 16 Commonwealth realms.
Badge of the House of Windsor.svg
The House of Wettin is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories of present-day German states of Saxony and Thuringia for 953 years. The royal house is one of the oldest of Europe. Its origins can be traced back to the town of Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt. The Wettins gradually rose to power within the Holy Roman Empire. Members of the royal family became the monarchs of several medieval states, starting with Saxon Eastern March in 1030. Other states they gained were Meissen in 1089, Thuringia in 1263 and Saxony in 1423.
The family divided into two ruling branches in 1485 by Treaty of Leipzig: the Ernestine and Albertine branches. The treaty finally ruined a chance for an emergence of a great power in Central Germany, thus helping Brandenburg-Prussia gain influence within the Empire. The older Ernestine branch played a predominant role during the Protestant Reformation. Many ruling monarchs outside Germany were tied to its cadet branch Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Albertine branch, while less prominent, ruled the most of Saxony and played a part in Polish history.
The Austrian Holy Roman Emperor preferred the Albertine branch over the Ernestine branch, thus transferring the electoral dignity to the Albertines in 1547.
Agnates of the House of Wettin have, at various times, ascended the thrones of Great Britain, Portugal, Bulgaria,Poland-Lithuania, Saxony, and Belgium. Only the British and Belgian lines retain their thrones today.
Banner of Saxony (1^1).svg
The oldest member of the House of Wettin who is known for certain is Theodoric I of Wettin, also known as Dietrich, Thiedericus, and Thierry I of Liesgau (died c. 982). He was most probably based in the Liesgau (located at the western edge of the Harz). Around 1000, the family acquired Wettin Castle which was originally built by the local Slavic tribes ( See Sorbs), after which they named themselves. Wettin Castle is located in Wettin in the Hosgau on the Saale River. Around 1030, the Wettin family received the Eastern March as a fief.[1]
The prominence of the Wettins in the Slavic Saxon Eastern March or Ostmark caused Emperor Henry IV to invest them with the March of Meissen as a fief in 1089. The family advanced over the course of the Middle Ages: in 1263 they inherited the landgraviate of Thuringia (although without Hesse), and in 1423 they were invested with the Duchy of Saxony, centred at Wittenberg, thus becoming one of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
The family divided into two ruling branches in 1485 after being under control from Charles IV King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, the sons of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, divided the territories hitherto ruled jointly. The elder sonErnest, who had succeeded his father as Prince-elector, received the territories assigned to the Elector (Electorate of Saxony) and Thuringia, while his younger brother Albert obtained the March of Meissen, which he ruled from Dresden. As Albert ruled under the title of "Duke of Saxony", his possessions were also known as Ducal Saxony.
Family Tree of the House of Wettin, the royal & ducal house of Saxony, and later Great Britain, Belgium, Portugal, and Bulgaria
Albert II (born 6 June 1934) reigned as King of the Belgians from 1993 until his abdication in 2013. He is a member of the royal house of Belgium; formerly this house was named Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He is the uncle of the current reigningGrand Duke of Luxembourg, Henri.
On 3 July 2013, King Albert II attended a midday session of the Belgian cabinet. He then announced that on 21 July, he would abdicate the throne for health reasons. He was succeeded by his son Philippe on 21 July 2013. Albert II was the fourth monarch to abdicate in 2013, following Pope Benedict XVI, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, and Emir Hamad bin Khalifa of Qatar.[1] In doing so, he was also the second Belgian King to abdicate following his father, King Leopold III, who abdicated in 1951, albeit under very different circumstances.

Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia, also named Alexander II Karađorđević (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар II Карађорђевић; born 17 July 1945), was the last heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and currentpretender to the defunct throne of Serbia. He is the head of the House of Karađorđević. Alexander is the only child of former King Peter II and his wife, Alexandra of Yugoslavia. The title "Crown Prince Aleksandar" he legally held in theDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia for the first four-and-a-half months of his life, from 17 July 1945 (his birth) until his father's deposition by the Communist single party Parliament of Yugoslavia in late November of the same year. His godfather was George VI of the United Kingdom.
Royal Monogram of Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia.svg  Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg




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