The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American multinational investment banking firm that engages in globalinvestment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services primarily with institutional clients.
Goldman Sachs was founded in 1869 and is headquartered at 200 West Street in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City, with additional offices in international financial centers. The firm provides mergers and acquisitions advice,underwriting services, asset management, and prime brokerage to its clients, which include corporations, governments and individuals. The firm also engages in market making and private equity deals, and is a primary dealer in the United States Treasury security market. It is recognized as one of the premier investment banks in the world,[2][3] but has sparked a great deal of controversy over its alleged improper practices, including the loosening of financial industry underwriting guidelines which had been intact since the 1930s,[4] and in particular its actions since the 2007–2012 global financial crisis.[4]
Former Goldman executives who moved on to government positions include: Robert Rubin and Henry Paulson who served as United States Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, respectively;Mario Draghi, President of the European Central Bank; Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of Canada 2008–13 and Governor of the Bank of England from July 2013.
- The Ayco Company, L.P. (Financial Advisory)
- Hawker Beechcraft (Aerospace)
- Cogentrix Energy (Energy)
- American Casino & Entertainment Properties (Casinos)
- CH James Restaurant Holdings (Quick Service Restaurant)
- USI Holdings Corporation (Insurance & Finance)
- East Coast Power LLC (Energy)
- Queens Moat Houses (Hotels)
- Sequoia Credit Consolidation (Finance)
- Shineway Industrial Group (Meat Processing)
- Equity Inns, Inc. (Hotels)
- Arcandor (former KarstadtQuelle property group – Retailer)
- Medfinders Inc. (formerly Nursefinders Inc. – Healthcare)
- Latin Force Group, LLC (Media)
- Archon Hospitality Japan (Hotels)
- CMC Markets (Financial trading)[73]
Goldman has been called "Wall Street's No. 1 dealmaker",[112] and the world's "best investment bank".[113] It has been described by business journalists Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera as the investment bank that "always seemed to be in the sweet spot of every market", so successful that it aroused the envy of other investment bankers.[114] In the 1980s its prestige was such that business school students thought of being hired by the firm "as the ultimate accomplishment", (according to Floyd Harris, the chief financial correspondent of the New York Times[115]), and "up to the 1990s", Goldman's reputation was "very high", to the point that "they were believed to be able to outperform everyone else in every way." (according to Suzanne McGee,[116] author of Chasing Goldman Sachs,[117])
But it has also been harshly criticized, particularly in the aftermath of the 2007–2012 global financial crisis where some alleged that it misled its investors and profited from the collapse of the mortgage market. That time -- "one of the darkest chapters" in Goldman's history (according to the New York Times[118]—brought investigations from the Congress, the Justice Department, and a lawsuit from the SEC[119][120]—to whom it agreed to pay $550 million to settle.[121] It was "excoriated by the press and the public" (according to journalists McLean and Nocera[122]) -- this despite the non-retail nature of its business that would normally have kept it out of the public eye.[123][124] Visibility and antagonism came from the $12.9 billion Goldman received—more than any other firm—from AIG counterparty payments provided by the New York Federal Reserve bailout; the $10 billion in TARP money it received from the government (though the firm paid this back to the government); and a record $11.4 billion set aside for employee bonuses in the first half of 2009.[125][126] While all the investment banks were scolded by congressional investigations, the company was subject to "a solo hearing in front of the Senate Permanent Subcommitee on Investigations" and a quite critical report.[123][127] In a widely publicized story,[128] Matt Taibbi in Rolling Stone characterized the firm as a "great vampire squid" sucking money instead of blood, allegedly engineering "every major market manipulation since the Great Depression ... from tech stocks to high gas prices"[128][129][130][131]
Goldman Sachs has denied wrongdoing. It has stated that its customers were aware of its bets against the mortgage-related security products it was selling to them, and that it only used those bets to hedge against loses,[132] and was simply a market maker. The firm also promised a "comprehensive examination of our business standards and practices", more disclosure and better relationships with clients.[133]
Goldman has also been accused of an assortment of other misdeeds, varying from a general decline in ethical standards,[134][135] working with dictatorial regimes,[136] cosy relationships with the US federal government, via a "revolving door" of former employees[137] insider trading by some of its traders,[138] and driving up prices of commodities prices through futures speculation.[139] Goldman has denied wrongdoing in these cases.
The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694, it is the second oldest central bank in the world, after the Sveriges Riksbank, and the world's 8th oldest bank. It was established to act as the English Government's banker, and is still the banker for the Government of the United Kingdom. The Bank was privately owned by stockholders from its foundation in 1694 until nationalised in 1946.[3][4]
In 1998, it became an independent public organisation, wholly owned by the Treasury Solicitor[5] on behalf of the government, with independence in setting monetary policy.[6][7][8][9]
The Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom, but has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland andNorthern Ireland.[10]
The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee has devolved responsibility for managing monetary policy. The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days.[11] The Bank's Financial Policy Committee held its first meeting in June 2011 as a macro prudential regulator to oversee regulation of the UK's financial sector.
The Bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, on Threadneedle Street, since 1734. It is sometimes known by the metonym The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street or The Old Lady, a name taken from the legend of Sarah Whitehead, whose ghost is said to haunt the Bank's garden.[12] The busy road junction outside is known as Bank junction.
Mark Carney assumed the post of The Governor of the Bank of England on 1 July 2013. He succeeded Mervyn King, who took over on 30 June 2003. Carney, a Canadian, will serve an initial five-year term rather than the typical eight, and will seek UK citizenship.[13] He is the first non-British citizen to hold the post. As of January 2014, the Bank also has four Deputy Governors.
Stable prices and confidence in the currency are the two main criteria for monetary stability. Stable prices are maintained by making sure price increases meet the Government's inflation target. The Bank aims to meet this target by adjusting the base interest rate, which is decided by the Monetary Policy Committee, and through its communications strategy, such as publishing yield curves.[31]
Maintaining financial stability involves protecting against threats to the whole financial system. Threats are detected by the Bank's surveillance and market intelligence functions. The threats are then dealt with through financial and other operations, both at home and abroad. In exceptional circumstances, the Bank may act as the lender of last resort by extending credit when no other institution will.
| Lord Walter Cunliffe | (1913–1918) |
| Sir Brien Cokayne | (1918–1920) |
| Sir Montagu Collet Norman | (1920–1944) |
| Thomas Sivewright Catto, 1st Baron Catto | (1944–1949) |
| Lord Cobbold | (1949-1961) |
| George Rowland Stanley Baring, 3rd Earl of Cromer | (1961–1966) |
| Sir Leslie O'Brien | (1966–1973) |
| Gordon Richardson | (1973–1983) |
| Robin Leigh-Pemberton | (1983–1993) |
| Sir Edward George | (1993–2003) |
| Sir Mervyn King | (2003–2013) |
| Mark Carney | (since July 2013) |
| 1472 | Monte dei Paschi di Siena |  Italy |
| 1590 | Berenberg Bank |  Germany |
| 1614 | Stadsbank van Lening (nl) |  Netherlands |
| 1668 | Sveriges Riksbank |  Sweden |
| 1672 | C. Hoare & Co |  England |
| 1674 | Metzler Bank | Germany |
| 1690 | Barclays | England |
| 1692 | Coutts | England |
| 1694 | Bank of England | England |
| 1695 | Bank of Scotland |  Scotland |
1702Caja Madrid (now Bankia)
Spain1717Banco Etcheverría Spain1717Drummonds Bank
United Kingdom1727The Royal Bank of Scotland United Kingdom1737Van Lanschot Netherlands1760Banque Courtois
France1765Lloyds Bank United Kingdom1780Landolt & Cie
Switzerland1782Bank of Spain Spain1783Bank of Ireland
Ireland1784Bank of New York
United States1785Trinkaus & Burkhardt Germany1786Hottinger & Cie France1787La Roche & Co. Switzerland1787Raphaels Bank United Kingdom1789Sal. Oppenheim Germany1792State Street Corporation United States1796Hauck & Aufhäuser Germany1796Lombard Odier & Cie Switzerland1798Donner & Reuschel Germany1798M. M. Warburg & Co. Germany1799JPMorgan Chase United States
Spain1717Banco Etcheverría Spain1717Drummonds Bank United Kingdom1727The Royal Bank of Scotland United Kingdom1737Van Lanschot Netherlands1760Banque Courtois France1765Lloyds Bank United Kingdom1780Landolt & Cie Switzerland1782Bank of Spain Spain1783Bank of Ireland Ireland1784Bank of New York United States1785Trinkaus & Burkhardt Germany1786Hottinger & Cie France1787La Roche & Co. Switzerland1787Raphaels Bank United Kingdom1789Sal. Oppenheim Germany1792State Street Corporation United States1796Hauck & Aufhäuser Germany1796Lombard Odier & Cie Switzerland1798Donner & Reuschel Germany1798M. M. Warburg & Co. Germany1799JPMorgan Chase United States
St. Francis Xavier High School is a high school in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is operated by Edmonton Catholic Schools System.
- Mark Carney - Current Governor of the Bank of England, and former Governor of the Bank of Canada 2008-2013
Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, KG, GCMG, CH, MC, PC, DL (born 6 June 1919) is aBritish Conservative politician. He served as British Defence Secretary between 1970 and 1974, Foreign Secretarybetween 1979 and 1982 and as the sixth Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He is the last surviving member of the government of Winston Churchill, and of the Cabinets of both Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home. Following the House of Lords Act 1999, which removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, Carington was created a life peer as Baron Carington of Upton, of Upton in the County of Nottinghamshire, to enable him to continue to sit there.
Carrington is the only son of Rupert Carington, 5th Baron Carrington, by his wife the Honourable Sybil Marion Colville, daughter of Charles Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross. He is a great-nephew of the Liberal statesman Robert Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire and the politician and courtier Sir William Carington.[1] He was educated at two independent schools: at Sandroyd School[2] from 1928–1932, at the time based in the town of Cobham in Surrey(and now the home of Reed's School), and Eton College, followed by RMC Sandhurst (since merged with another institution and renamed RMA Sandhurst).
Following Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Grenadier Guards as asecond lieutenant on 26 January 1939.[3] He served with the regiment during theSecond World War, he was promoted lieutenant on 1 January 1941,[4] and later rose to the rank of temporary captainand acting major, and was awarded the Military Cross (MC) on 1 March 1945.[5] The MC was awarded for his part in the capture and holding of a vital bridge in Nijmegen. Although he had a chance to take tanks to Arnhem where they were badly needed by 1st Airborne, he failed to do so.[6] After the war Lord Carrington remained in the army until 1949.[7]
Baron Carrington is a title that has been created three times, once in the Peerage of England, once in the Peerage of Irelandand once in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first creation came in the Peerage of England in 1643 in favour of Sir Charles Smyth. Only a few days later he was created Viscount Carrington in the Peerage of Ireland. For more information, see this title. The second creation came in 1796 when Robert Smith was created Baron Carrington, of Bulcot Lodge, in the Peerage of Ireland. He had earlier represented Nottingham in the House of Commons. Only one year later, in 1797, he was made Baron Carrington, of Upton in the County of Nottingham, in the Peerage of Great Britain. His son, the second Baron, sat as a Member of Parliament for Wendover, Buckinghamshire and High Wycombe and served as Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. In 1880 he owned 25,809 acres (104.45 km2) of land in Buckinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Bedfordshire, giving an annual rental income of £42,254 (John Bateman: "The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland").
His son, the third Baron, was a prominent Liberal politician. He was created Viscount Wendover, of Chepping Wycombe in the County of Buckingham, and Earl Carrington, in 1895, and Marquess of Lincolnshire, in 1912. These three titles were all in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Under King George V, Lord Lincolnshire held also the Lord Great Chamberlainship, 25% of which he inherited from his mother. His only son and heir, Albert Edward Samuel Charles Robert Wynn-Carrington, Viscount Wendover, was killed in action in the First World War. Consequently, on Lord Lincolnshire's death in 1928 the viscountcy, earldom and marquessate became extinct. The Lord Great Chamberlainship was inherited by his five daughters as co-heiresses (5% each).
The baronies of Carrington passed to his younger brother, the fourth Baron. He had earlier represented Buckinghamshire in Parliament as a Liberal. As of 2010 the titles are held by his grandson, the sixth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1938. Lord Carrington is a noted Conservative politician and served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982 and as Secretary-General of NATO from between 1984 and 1988. In 1999 he was given a life peerage as Baron Carington of Upton, of Upton in the County of Nottinghamshire (spelled with a single "r"), and is therefore still a member of the House of Lords despite the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. As of 2013 he is the longest-serving member of the House of Lords after the death of George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe.
The Hon. Sir William Carington, second son of the second Baron, was a soldier, politician and courtier.
The Barons Carrington are related to the Barons Bicester. The first Baron Carrington's younger brother John Smith was the great-grandfather of Vivian Hugh Smith, who was created Baron Bicester in 1938. Also, Abel Smith, father of the first Baron Carrington, was the brother of George Smith, who was created a baronet in 1757 (see Bromley baronets), and of Thomas Smith, grandfather of Julian Pauncefote, 1st Baron Pauncefote.
The House of Bourbon-Parma (Italian: Casa di Borbone di Parma) is an Italiancadet branch of the House of Bourbon. It is thus descended from the Capetian dynasty in male line. The name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name (Bourbon) and the other (Parma) from the title of Duke of Parma. The title was held by the Spanish Bourbons as the founder was the great-grandson of DukeRanuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma.
Since 1964 a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon-Parma rules Luxembourgas Grand Duke.
The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city of Parma. In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and so the state was thereafter properly known as the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.
The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Charles, whose mother Elisabeth was a member of the Farnese family. He ruled until the end of the War of the Polish Succession in 1735, when Parma was ceded to Emperor Charles VI in exchange for the Two Sicilies.
Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma and Piacenza[1][2] (born 27 January 1970) is the current head of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma, as well a member of the Dutch Royal Family. He is generally considered as the pretender to the defunct throne of Parma under the name Carlo V[1] (English: Charles V), and by sections of theCarlist movement as the pretender to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos Javier II (English: Charles Xavier II).[3][4]
Prince Carlos was born in Nijmegen in the Netherlands as the eldest child of the late Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Princess Irene of the Netherlands. He has two younger sisters Princess Margarita and Princess Carolina, and one younger brother Prince Jaime. Carlos spent his youth in several countries including the Netherlands, Spain, France, England, and the United States. In 1981, when he was eleven, his parents decided to divorce. Together with his mother and his siblings he then moved to Soestdijk Palace (Baarn). He lived at the palace for a number of years with his grandparents, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.
The Monarchy of the Netherlands is constitutional and as such, the role and position of the monarch are defined and limited by the constitution of the Netherlands. Consequently a fairly large portion of the Dutch constitution is devoted to the monarch; roughly a third of the constitution describes the succession, mechanisms of accession and abdication to the throne, the roles and responsibilities of the monarch and the formalities of communication between theStates-General of the Netherlands and the monarch in the creation of laws.
The constitution refers to the monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands as "The King", though the monarch may be a king as well as a queen.[Cons 1]
The Kingdom of the Netherlands has been an independent monarchy since 16 March 1815, but has been hereditarily "governed" by members of the House of Orange-Nassau since 1559, when Philip II of Spain appointed William of Orange as stadtholder. William became the leader of the Dutch Revolt and the independent Dutch Republic. As stadtholder, he was followed by several of his descendants, and during the 18th century, the function of stadtholder developed into a hereditary head of state of the thus "crowned" Dutch Republic. The last stadtholder, William V, was succeeded by his son, William I, who became the first king.
Mark Joseph Carney (born March 16, 1965) is the current Governor of the Bank of England and Chairman of theG20's Financial Stability Board.[3] He was previously the Governor of the Bank of Canada, and began his career atGoldman Sachs and the Canadian Department of Finance. Carney has been credited with shielding Canada from the worst effects of the late-2000s financial crisis, and has earned recognition by the Financial Times and Time magazine as a top figure in the financial world.
Carney was born in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. His father Bob was a high school principal there, and later aprofessor of education at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, where the family moved when Carney was six years old. Carney has three siblings — older brother Sean, younger brother Brian and sister Brenda. His mother Verlie was an elementary school teacher before having children. Carney and his brothers all attended St. Francis Xavier High School in Edmonton, Alberta before studying at Harvard University.[4]
Carney completed a bachelor's degree in economics at Harvard in 1988. He later attended St Peter's College, Oxfordwhere he received an MPhil in economics in 1993, and then went on to receive his DPhil in economics in 1995 for his thesis titled The dynamic advantage of competition.[5]
Cynthia Blum Carroll (born November 13, 1956)[1][2][3] is an American businessperson. She was the chief executive officer of Anglo American PLC,[4] a British mining company, which, among other things, is the world's largest platinum producer.[5]Anglo American announced on October 26, 2012 that Carroll would step down as Chief Executive.[6]
On October 24, 2006, Carroll was hired by Anglo American, and joined the board in January 2007, becoming chief executive at the beginning of March 2007. She chairs Anglo American’s Executive Committee and sits on the Safety and Sustainable Development Committee.[7] She is one of only three female Chief Executives of FTSE 100 companies and the first non-South African to hold the post with Anglo American.[8][9]
In 2008, she was ranked by the magazine Forbes as the fifth most powerful woman in the world. She was ranked fourth by the same list in 2009.[10]
Her annual salary at Anglo American was £1,050,000 with an annual bonus of £319,000.[11]
She has been a non-executive director of BP since June 6, 2007.
Carroll previously worked with the Montreal, Canada headquartered Alcan, as President and Chief Executive Officer of the Primary Metal Group since 2002. She joined Alcan in 1989. In January 1996, she was promoted to managing director of the Aughinish Alumina division, located on Aughinish Island, Askeaton, County Limerick, Ireland.[12] Before joining Alcan, she worked for Amoco, which is now part of British Petroleum, for eight years as a petroleum geologist, from 1982 to 1987, working in gas and oil exploration in Colorado, Alaska, Wyoming, Utah, and Montana.[13]
She is married with four children.[14]
Carroll was personally attacked while at Anglo American for her responsibility in the conglomerate's labour rights record[24] as well as her role in several environmentally controversial projects piloted by the company.[25] Carroll was nicknamed by Grist Magazine as "Cyanide Cynthia, world's biggest Scrooge" for her role in the Pebble Mine project in Alaska.[26] Carroll’s strategy for Anglo American has attracted criticism. Some shareholders[who?] see her modernization plans as too radical for a company that has historically had such an important role in the South African economy, while others complain that the company has been undermanaged, and that she has not yet delivered on her proposals. And Anglo American’s recent decision to suspend its dividend has drawn criticism.[citation needed]
Carroll has implemented measures to address safety concerns.[27] Anglo American responded to the allegations in the War on Want report[28] and separately disclosed its safety performance in its annual earnings report.[29]
The Grist magazine nickname was later discussed in a Fast Company magazine article that profiled Carroll’s initiatives surrounding the Pebble Mine project.[18] In 2007, Carroll issued a series of social, environmental and economic commitments on behalf of the Pebble Partnership to address concerns from the local community.[30]
Anglo American plc is a multinational mining company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the world's largest producer of platinum,with around 40% of world output, and a major producer of diamonds, copper, nickel, iron ore and metallurgical and thermal coal.[3][4] It has operations in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America.[5]
Anglo American has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £31.2 billion as of 23 December 2011, the 15th-largest company of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange.[6] It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.[4]
The London Stock Exchange is a stock exchange located in the City of London in the United Kingdom. As of December 2011, the Exchange had a market capitalization of US$3.266 trillion (short scale), making it the fifth-largest stock exchange in the world by this measurement (and the second-largest in Europe to Euronext).[2] The Exchange was founded in 1801 and its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St Paul's Cathedral in theCity of London. The Exchange is part of the London Stock Exchange Group.
The FTSE 100 Index, also called FTSE 100, FTSE, or, informally, the "footsie" /ˈfʊtsiː/, is a share index of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalization. It is one of the most widely used stock indices and is seen as a gauge of business prosperity for business regulated by UK company law. The index is maintained by the FTSE Group, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group. FTSE stands for Financial Times Stock Exchange.
The index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1000; the highest value reached to date is 6950.6, on 30 December 1999. After falling during the financial crisis of 2007-2010 to below 3500 in March 2009, the index recovered to a peak of 6091.33 on 8 February 2011, fell under the 5000 mark on the morning of 23 September 2011, but reached 6894 at the market close on 14 May 2014 (its highest close since 1999).[2]
The current constituents following the changes of 22 September 2014 are as follows:[9]
- 3i
- Aberdeen Asset Management
- Admiral Group
- Aggreko
- Anglo American
- Antofagasta
- ARM Holdings
- Ashtead Group
- Associated British Foods
- AstraZeneca
- Aviva
- Babcock International
- BAE Systems
- Barclays
- BG Group
- BHP Billiton
- BP
- British American Tobacco
- British Land Company
- British Sky Broadcasting Group
- BT Group
- Bunzl
- Burberry Group
- Capita
- Carnival
- Centrica
- Coca-Cola Hellenic
- Compass Group
- CRH
- Diageo
- Direct Line
- Dixons Carphone
- easyJet
- Experian
- Fresnillo
- Friends Life
- G4S
- GKN
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Glencore
- Hammerson
- Hargreaves Lansdown
- HSBC
- IMI
- Imperial Tobacco
- International Consolidated Airlines Group
- InterContinental Hotels Group
- Intertek Group
- Intu Properties
- ITV
- Johnson Matthey
- Kingfisher
- Land Securities Group
- Legal & General
- Lloyds Banking Group
- London Stock Exchange Group
- Marks & Spencer
- Meggitt
- Mondi
- Wm Morrison Supermarkets
- National Grid
- Next
- Old Mutual
- Pearson
- Persimmon
- Petrofac
- Prudential
- Randgold Resources
- Reckitt Benckiser
- Reed Elsevier
- Rio Tinto Group
- Rolls-Royce
- Royal Bank of Scotland Group
- Royal Dutch Shell
- Royal Mail
- RSA Insurance Group
- SABMiller
- Sage Group
- J Sainsbury
- Schroders
- Scottish and Southern Energy
- Severn Trent
- Shire
- Smith & Nephew
- Smiths Group
- Sports Direct
- Standard Chartered Bank
- Standard Life
- St. James's Place
- Tesco
- Travis Perkins
- TUI Travel
- Tullow Oil
- Unilever
- United Utilities
- Vodafone
- Weir Group
- Whitbread
- Wolseley
- WPP Group
Market capitalization (or market cap) is the total value of the shares outstanding of a publicly traded company; it is equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding.[2][3] As outstanding stock is bought and sold in public markets, capitalization could be used as a proxy for the public opinion of a company's net worth and is a determining factor in some forms of stock valuation.
The total capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared to other economic indicators. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US$51.2 trillion in January 2007[4] and rose as high as US$57.5 trillion in May 2008[5] before dropping below US$50 trillion in August 2008 and slightly above US$40 trillion in September 2008.[5]
- List of largest employers in the United States
- List of companies of the United States
- List of largest United Kingdom employers
- Fortune Global 500
- Forbes Global 2000
- List of multinational corporations
- List of largest European manufacturing companies by revenue
- List of the largest software companies
- List of largest Internet companies
- List of the largest information technology companies
- List of private equity firms
- List of largest companies by revenue
- List of public corporations by market capitalization
- List of companies by profit and loss
- List of professions
- List of types of tradesman
List of largest employers
The BBC includes non-corporate employers in its list:
| World's largest public and private employers, 2012[1] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Employer | Employees | Headquarters |
| United States Department of Defense | 3.2 million | United States |
| People's Liberation Army | 2.3 million |  China |
| Walmart | 2.1 million | United States |
| National Health Service (NHS) | 1.7 million | United Kingdom |
| China National Petroleum Corporation | 1.6 million | China |
| State Grid Corporation of China | 1.5 million | China |
| Indian Railways | 1.4 million |  India |
| Indian Armed Forces | 1.3 million | India |
| Hon Hai Precision Industry (Foxconn) | 1.2 million |  Taiwan |
The Economist includes non-corporate employers in its list:
| World's largest public and private employers, 2010[2] | |
|---|---|
| Employer | Employees |
| United States Department of Defense | 3.2 million |
| People's Liberation Army | 2.3 million (2008 data) |
| Walmart | 2.1 million |
| China National Petroleum Corporation | 1.7 million |
| State Grid Corporation of China | 1.65 million |
| National Health Service | 1.5 million |
| Indian Railways | 1.4 million |
| China Post | 0.9 million |
| Hon Hai Precision Industry (Foxconn) | 0.8 million |
The rankings below are the 6 private-sector companies providing the most jobs worldwide, which do not include government-owned corporations.
| The 6 Companies With the Most Employees in the World, 2013 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Employer | Country | Employees |
| 1 | Walmart | United States | 2,200,000 |
| 2 | Sinopec | China | 1,021,979 |
| 3 | Hon Hai Precision Industry | Taiwan | 961,000 |
| 4 | G4S | United Kingdom | 620,000 |
| 5 | United States Postal Service | United States | 601,601 |
| 6 | Tesco | United Kingdom | 597,784 |
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