Jaime Caruana,Bank for International Settlements,Banking Supervision,Sir William Martin Castell,Academy of Medical Sciences,Novartis,Governor of Hong Kong,Anson Maria Elizabeth Chan Fang On-sang

Organization of central banks

ChairmanNationalityDatesPresidentNationalityDates
Gates W. McGarrah* United States of AmericaApril 1930-May 1933N/A
Leon Fraser* United States of AmericaMay 1933-May 1935N/A
Leonardus J. A. Trip* NetherlandsMay 1935-May 1937N/A
May 1937-December 1939J. Willem Beyen NetherlandsMay 1937-December 1939
O. E. Niemeyer* United KingdomMay 1937-May 1940N/A**
January 1940-June 1946Thomas H. McKittrick United States of AmericaJanuary 1940-June 1946
Ernst Weber  SwitzerlandDecember 1942-November 1945N/A**
Maurice Frère BelgiumJuly 1946-June 1948N/A**
June 1948-June 1958Maurice Frère BelgiumJune 1948-June 1958
Marius W. Holtrop* NetherlandsJuly 1958-June 1967N/A
Jelle Zijlstra* NetherlandsJuly 1967-December 1981N/A
Fritz Leutwiler*  SwitzerlandJanuary 1982-December 1984N/A
Jean Godeaux* BelgiumJanuary 1985-December 1987N/A
W. F. Duisenberg* NetherlandsJanuary 1988-December 1990N/A
Bengt Dennis* SwedenJanuary 1991-December 1993N/A
W. F. Duisenberg* NetherlandsJanuary 1994-June 1997N/A
Alfons Verplaetse* BelgiumJuly 1997-February 1999N/A
Urban Bäckström* SwedenMarch 1999-February 2002N/A
A. H. E. M. Wellink* NetherlandsMarch 2002-February 2006N/A
Jean-Pierre Roth  SwitzerlandMarch 2006-February 2009N/A***
Guillermo Ortiz MexicoMarch 2009-December 2009N/A***
Christian Noyer FranceMarch 2010-presentN/A***
As an organization of central banks, the BIS seeks to make monetary policy more predictable and transparent among its 60 member central banks, except in the case of Eurozone countries which forfeited the right to conduct monetary policy in order to implement the euro. While monetary policy is determined by most sovereign nations, it is subject to central and private banking scrutiny and potentially to speculation that affects foreign exchange rates and especially the fate of export economies. Failures to keep monetary policy in line with reality and make monetary reforms in time, preferably as a simultaneous policy among all 60 member banks and also involving the International Monetary Fund, have historically led to losses in the billions as banks try to maintain a policy using open market methods that have proven to be based on unrealistic assumptions.
Central banks do not unilaterally "set" rates, rather they set goals and intervene using their massive financial resources and regulatory powers to achieve monetary targets they set. One reason to coordinate policy closely is to ensure that this does not become too expensive and that opportunities for private arbitrage exploiting shifts in policy or difference in policy, are rare and quickly removed.
Two aspects of monetary policy have proven to be particularly sensitive, and the BIS therefore has two specific goals: to regulate capital adequacy and make reserve requirements transparent.
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (in French, Banque des règlements internationaux (BRI)) is aninternational organization of central banks which "fosters international monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks".[2] The BIS carries out its work through subcommittees, the secretariats it hosts and through an annual general meeting of all member banks. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations. It is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong Kong andMexico City.
The BIS was established on May 17, 1930 by an intergovernmental agreement by Germany, Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, United States and Switzerland.[3][4]
The BIS was originally intended to facilitate reparations imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I.[5]The need to establish a dedicated institution for this purpose was suggested in 1929 by the Young Committee, and was agreed to in August of that year at a conference at The Hague. A charter for the bank was drafted at the International Bankers Conference at Baden Baden in November, and its charter was adopted at a second Hague Conference on January 20, 1930. According to the charter, shares in the bank could be held by individuals and non-governmental entities. The BIS was constituted as having corporate existence in Switzerland on the basis of an agreement with Switzerland acting as headquarters state for the bank. It also enjoyed immunity in all the contracting states.
Between 1933 and 1945 the BIS board of directors included Walther Funk, a prominent Nazi official, and Emil Puhl, as well asHermann Schmitz, the director of IG Farben and Baron von Schroeder, the owner of the J.H. Stein Bank.
As a result of these allegations, at the Bretton Woods Conference held in July 1944, Norway proposed the "liquidation of the Bank for International Settlements at the earliest possible moment". This resulted in the BIS being the subject of a disagreement between the non-governmental U.S. and British delegations. The liquidation of the bank was supported by other European delegates, as well as the United States (including Harry Dexter White, Secretary of the Treasury, and Henry Morgenthau),[6] but opposed by John Maynard Keynes, head of the British delegation.
Fearing that the BIS would be dissolved by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Keynes went to Morgenthau hoping to prevent the dissolution, or have it postponed, but the next day the dissolution of the BIS was approved. However, the liquidation of the bank was never actually undertaken.[7] In April 1945, the new U.S. president Harry S. Truman and the British government suspended the dissolution, and the decision to liquidate the BIS was officially reversed in 1948.[8]
The BIS was originally owned by both governments and private individuals, since the United States and France had decided to sell some of their shares to private investors. BIS shares traded on stock markets, which made the bank an unusual organization: an international organization (in the technical sense of publicinternational law), yet allowed for private shareholders. Many central banks had similarly started as such private institutions; for example, the Bank of England was privately owned until 1946. In more recent years the BIS has bought back its once publicly traded shares.[9] It is now wholly owned by BIS members (central banks) but still operates in the private market as a counterparty, asset manager and lender for central banks and international financial institutions.[10] Profits from its transactions are used, among other things, to fund the bank's other international activities.

The members of the Group of Thirty are:[6]

Senior members[edit]

Emeritus members[edit]


The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS)[1] is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten countries in 1974.[2] It provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its objective is to enhance understanding of key supervisory issues and improve the quality of banking supervision worldwide. The Committee also frames guidelines and standards in different areas - some of the better known among them are the international standards on capital adequacy, the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision and the Concordat on cross-border banking supervision.[3]
The Committee's members come from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea,Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Committee's Secretariat is located at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland. However, the BIS and the Basel Committee remain two distinct entities.[4]
The Basel Committee formulates broad supervisory standards and guidelines and recommends statements of best practice in banking supervision (see bank regulation or "Basel III Accord", for example) in the expectation that member authorities and other nations' authorities will take steps to implement them through their own national systems, whether in statutory form or otherwise.
The purpose of BCBS is to encourage convergence toward common approaches and standards. The Committee is not a classical multilateral organization, in part because it has no founding treaty. BCBS does not issue binding regulation; rather, it functions as an informal forum in which policy solutions and standards are developed.[5]
The Committee is further sub-divided each of which have specific task forces to work on specific implementation issues:
  • The Standards Implementation Group (SIG)
    • Operational Risk Subgroup - addresses issues related to Advanced Measurement Approach for Operational Risk
    • Task Force on Colleges - develops guidance on the Basel Committee's work on supervisory colleges
    • Task Force on Remuneration - promotes the adoption of sound remuneration practices
    • Standards Monitoring Procedures Task Force - develops procedures to achieve greater effectiveness and consistency in standards monitoring and implementation
  • The Policy Development Group (PDG)
    • Risk Management and Modelling Group - point of contact with the industry on the latest advances in risk measurement and management
    • Research Task Force - facilitates economists from member institutions to discuss research on financial stability in consultation with the academic sector
    • Trading Book Group - reviews how risks in the trading book should be captured by regulatory capital
    • Working Group on Liquidity - works on global standards for liquidity risk management and regulation
    • Definition of Capital Subgroup - reviews eligible capital instruments
    • Capital Monitoring Group - co-ordinates the expertise of national supervisor in monitoring capital requirements
    • Cross-border Bank Resolution Group - compares the national policies, legal frameworks and the allocation of responsibilities for the resolution of banks with significant cross-border operations
  • The Accounting Task Force (ATF) - ensures that accounting and auditing standards help promote sound risk management thereby maintaining the safety and soundness of the banking system
    • Audit subgroup - explores key audit issues and co-ordinates with other bodies to promote standards
  • The Basel Consultative Group (BCG) - facilitates engagement between banking supervisors including dialogue with non-member countries
The present Chairman of the Committee is Stefan Ingves, Governor of the central bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank).[6]
The Basel committee along with its sister organizations, the International Organization of Securities Commissions and International Association of Insurance Supervisors together make up the Joint Forum of international financial regulators.

Jaime Caruana (born 14 March 1952) is the General Manager of the Bank for International Settlements. His five-year term began on 1 April 2009. In June 2013, it was extended until end-March 2017. He was also the Governor of the Bank of Spainfrom July 2000 to July 2006.[1]
Caruana was born in Valencia, and graduated in telecommunications engineering from the Technical University of Madrid(UPM) in 1974. He served a six-year term as Bank of Spain Governor, beginning 21 July 2000 and ending in July 2006. Currently he is a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty. He was also chairman of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision since May, 2003. Caruana took over the Basel II project at a difficult time, and won respect and praise from both regulators and the financial services industry for ultimately delivering the revised accord in June 2004.[2] In August 2006, Jaime Caruana was appointed to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) by Rodrigo de Rato, as counsellor and director of the Monetary and Capital Markets Department, a new financial, capital and regulatory department.[3]
He is succeeded at the Bank of Spain by former secretary of State for Commerce, Miguel Ángel Fernández Ordóñez.

Sir William Martin Castell LVO FMedSci (born 10 April 1947) is Chairman of the Wellcome Trust, a Director of General Electric and a former Director of BP. He was CEO of Amersham plc from 1989 until it was acquired by GE in April 2004 and then became CEO of GE Healthcare and a Vice-Chairman of GE.
Castell was educated at St. Dunstan's College and Cass Business School where he earned a BA. He qualified as an accountant with Spicer and Pegler (1971-75) and then joined Wellcome plc as Financial Controller, Europe (1976-79) rising to MD Wellcome Biotech (1982-84) and Commercial Director (1984-89).
He was a non-executive Director of The General Electric Company (UK) which became Marconi plc 1997-2002, and was appointed a Non-Executive Director of BP in 2006, until April 2012.
He joined the Board of Governors of the Wellcome Trust as Chairman-designate on 1 January 2006, succeeding Sir Dominic Cadbury as Chairman in May 2006. Prior to joining Amersham, he held various positions with the Wellcome pharmaceutical company, which was then owned by the Wellcome Trust.
Alongside his business career he has been involved for many years in not-for-profit activities, including being a council member of the Medical Research Council (2001-2004) and Chairman of the Prince's Trust (1998-2003). He is currently a trustee of the Natural History Museum, a board member of the University of Michigan's Institute of Life sciences, a board member of the National Bureau of Asian Research, a Visiting Fellow at Green College, Oxford University, and an Honorary Fellow of theAcademy of Medical Sciences.

The Academy of Medical Sciences was established in 1998 on the recommendation of a group chaired by Michael Atiyah.[1] Its president is Professor Sir John Tooke.[2] Its objective is to improve health through research and promote medical science into benefits for society.
The Academy's 2012-16 strategy is
  • Promoting excellence;
  • Influencing policy to improve health and wealth;
  • Nurturing the next generation of medical researchers;
  • Linking academia, industry and the NHS;
  • Seizing international opportunities;
  • Encouraging dialogue about the medical sciences.
Honorary Fellows include:
  1.  "Merger with the Novartis Foundation". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a publicly funded government agency responsible for co-ordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom. It is one of seven Research Councils in the UK and is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.
The MRC focuses on high-impact research and has provided the financial support and scientific expertise behind a number of medical breakthroughs, including the development of penicillin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Research funded by the MRC has produced 30 Nobel Prize winners to date.

The Governor of Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港總督/港督; Jyutping: Hoeng1gong2zung2duk1) was the representative inHong Kong of the British Crown from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the Governor was President of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. The Governor's roles were defined in theHong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions. Upon the end of British rule and the transfer of Hong Kong to thePeople's Republic of China in 1997, most of the civil functions of this office went to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, and military functions went to the Commander of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison.
Flag of the Governor of Hong Kong.svg
Authorities and duties of the Governor were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions in 1843. The Governor, appointed by the British monarch (on the advice of the Foreign Secretary), exercise the executive branch of Hong Kong Government throughout British sovereignty and, with the exception of a brief experiment after World War II, no serious attempt was made to introduce representative government, until the final years of British rule.
The Governor of Hong Kong chaired the colonial cabinet, the Executive Council (ExCo), and until 1993, also the President ofLegislative Council. The Governor appointed most, if not all, of the members of the colony's legislature, (known colloquially as LegCo), which was largely an advisory body until the first indirect elections of LegCo was held in 1985. Initially both Councils were dominated by British expatriates, but this progressively gave way to local Hong Kong Chinese appointees in later years. Historically, the Governors of Hong Kong were professional diplomats, save the last Governor, Chris Patten, who was a career politician. In December 1996, the Governor's salary was HK$3,036,000 per annum, tax-free. It was fixed at 125% of the Chief Secretary's salary.[1]
In the absence of the Governor, the Chief Secretary immediately became the acting Governor of the colony. The Chief Secretaries were historically drawn from the Colonial Office or British military. One Royal Navy Vice Admiral served as administrator after World War II. Four Japanese military officers (3 Army officers and 1 naval Vice Admiral) served as administrator during World War II.

 Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun, OBE MD, DSc, MScPH, FFPHM, JP[3] (born 1947 in Hong Kong) is the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO). Chan was elected by the Executive Board of WHO on 8 November 2006, and was endorsed in a special meeting of the World Health Assembly on the following day. Chan has previously served asDirector of Health in the Hong Kong Government (1994–2003), representative of the WHO Director-General for Pandemic Influenza and WHO Assistant Director-General for Communicable Diseases (2003–2006). As of 2014, she is ranked as the 30th most powerful woman in the world according to Forbes.[4]
Appointed to the post in November 2006, her first term ran through to June 2012.[16] In her appointment speech, Chan considered the "improvements in the health of the people of Africa and the health of women" to be the key performance indicator of WHO and she wants to focus WHO's attention on "the people in greatest need."[17] On 18 January 2012, Chan was nominated by the WHO's Executive Board for a second term[18] and was confirmed by the World Health Assembly on 23 May 2012.[19] In her acceptance speech, Chan indicated that universal coverage is a 'powerful equaliser' and the most powerful concept of public health.[19] Chan's new term began on 1 July 2012 and continues until 30 June 2017.[19]
In February 2007, Chan provoked the anger of humanitarian and civil society groups by questioning the quality of generic medicines while on a visit to Thailand.[20]
After a visit to North Korea in April 2010, Chan said malnutrition was a problem in the country but that North Korea's health system would be the envy of many developing countries because of the abundance of medical staff.[21] She also noted there were no signs of obesity in the country, which is a newly emerging problem in other parts of Asia. Chan's comments marked a significant departure from that of her predecessor, Gro Harlem Brundtland, who said in 2001 that North Korea's health system was near collapse.[22] The director-general's assessment was criticised, including in a Wall Street Journal editorial which called her statements "surreal." The editorial further stated, "Ms. Chan is either winking at the reality to maintain contact with the North or she allowed herself to be fooled."[23]
In 2014, she was ranked as the 30th most powerful woman in the world, based on her position as Director-General, by Forbes. Her ranking increased from 33rd in 2013.[4]

Anson Maria Elizabeth Chan Fang On-sang, GBM, GCMG, CBE, JP (born 17 January 1940) is the former Chief Secretary in both the British colonial government of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government under the Chinese rule. She was also an elected member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong for Hong Kong Island between 2007 and 2008.[1][2][3][4]
SOAS Crest.jpg
SOAS, University of London (The School of Oriental and African Studies, commonly abbreviated as SOAS(/ˈsoʊ.æs/ soh-as)) is a public research university in London, United Kingdom. Founded in 1916, SOAS has produced several heads of state, government ministers, ambassadors, Supreme Court judges, a Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, and many other leaders in emerging markets.
Located in the heart of Bloomsbury in central London, SOAS describes itself as the "world's leading institution for the study of Asia, Africa and the Middle East", and is consistently ranked amongst the top universities in the UK.[3][4]
It specialises in humanities, languages and social sciences relating to Asia, Africa and the Middle East, and is aconstituent college of the University of London. It offers around 350 undergraduate Bachelor's degree combinations, and over 100 one-year intensively taught Master's degrees. MPhil and PhD research degrees are also available in every academic department.

Royalty[edit]

Government and politics[edit]

Media/writers[edit]
The Chinese-born British writerJung Chang, who is best known for her family autobiography Wild Swans.

Academia[edit]
Bernard Lewis, renowned orientalist

Music and the arts[edit]

Religion[edit]

Miscellaneous[edit]

Notable faculty and staff[edit]

See also: Category:Academics of SOAS, University of London

Faculty of Law and Social Sciences[edit]

Faculty of Arts and Humanities[edit]
Alexander Piatigorsky, Russian philosopher[66]

Faculty of Languages and Cultures[edit]
Reginald Johnston, Chinese linguist and tutor to the last Emperor of China
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