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Nazi-propaganda
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Hajj
Hajj
The most important way of worship performed in this month is "hajj", one of the five pillars of Islam. The Muslims from every part of the world assemble in Arabia to perform this unique way of worship. Hajj is a worship, which requires at least five days to be performed in its proper way. There are detailed rules for different acts of hajj for which separate books are available, and the present article does not aim at explaining all these details. However, some basic information about its obligation is being given here:
1. Hajj is obligatory on every adult Muslim who can afford to go to Makkah during the hajj season, whether on foot or by any other carriage.
2. If a person can travel to Makkah to perform hajj, but he cannot travel to Madinah, hajj is obligatory on him also. He can perform hajj without visiting Madinah.
3. A Muslim woman cannot travel for hajj unless she is accompanied by a mahram (i.e. husband or relative of a prohibited degree like son, father, brother etc.) If she does not find any mahram to accompany her, hajj is not obligatory on her until she finds one. However, she must make a will that in case she dies before performing hajj, his heirs should arrange for her hajj-e-badal out of her left over property.
4. Hajj is obligated only once in one's life. After performing the obligatory hajj; one is not required to perform it again. However, he can perform the nafl (optional hajj as many times as he or she wishes.)
.Dhu ‘l-Hijjah is the last month of the Islamic calendar. Literally, it means "hajj." Obviously, this name of the month indicates that the great annual worship of "hajj" is performed in this month, which gives it special significance. Some specific merits and rules relevant to this month are mentioned below:
First Ten Days
The first ten days of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah are among the most magnificent days in Islamic calendar. The Holy Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, has said, "One fast during these days is equal to the fasting of one complete year, and the worship of one night during this period is equal to the worship in the "Laylat Al-Qadr".
Every Muslim should avail of this wonderful opportunity by performing during this period as much ‘Ibadah (acts of worship) to Allah as he or she can.
The 9th Day of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah
The 9th day of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah is called Yawm al – ‘Arafah (The Day of 'Arafah). This is the date when the Hujjaj (Hajj pilgrims, plural of Haajj) assemble on the plain of 'Arafah, six miles away from Makkah al-Mukarramah, where they perform the most essential part of the prescribed duties of hajj, namely, the 'Wuquf of'Arafat (the stay in 'Arafat).
The Fast of Yawm al-'Arafah
For those not performing hajj, it is mustahabb (desirable) to fast on this day according to their own calendar. It sometimes occurs that 9th Dhu ‘l-Hijjah falls on different days in different countries according to the sighting of the moon. In such cases, Muslims of each country should observe 'Yawm al-‘Arafah according to the lunar dates of their own country.
For example, if 'Yawm al-'Arafah' is being observed in Saudi Arabia on Friday, and in Pakistan on Saturday, Pakistani Muslims should treat Saturday as Yawm al-’Arafah and should fast on that day if they desire to benefit from the fast of 'Youmul'Arafah'.
The fast of Yawm al-’Arafah has been emphasized by the Holy Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, as a mustahabb (desirable) act. According to a hadith, the fast of this day becomes a cause, hopefully so, of forgiveness for sins committed in one year.
Takbir at-Tashriq
Beginning from the Fajr of the 9th Dhu ‘l-Hijjah up to the 'Asr prayer of the 13th, it is obligatory on each Muslim to recite the Takbir of Tashriq after every fard prayer in the following words.
Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar,
La Ilaha Illallahu, Wallahu Akbar,
Allahu Akbar wa lillahilhamd.
(There is no god but Allah and Allah is the greatest, Allah is the greatest and to Allah belongs all praise.)
According to authentic Islamic sources, it is obligatory on each Muslim, to recite this Takbir after every fard salat. For women also, it is commendable though not obligatory. Whether you are performing salat with Jama'ah (collectively) or on your own (individually) makes no difference. You must recite the Takbir. However, male Muslims should recite it in a loud voice, while females should recite it in a low voice.
On the ‘Id Day
The following acts are sunnah on the day of ‘Id Al- Adha:
1. To wake up early in the morning.
2. To clean one's teeth with a miswak or brush
3. To take bath.
4. To put on one's best available clothes.
5. To use perfume.
6. Not to eat before the ‘Id prayer.
7. To recite the Takbir of Tashriq in a loud voice while going to the ‘Id prayer.
How to Perform ‘Id Prayers (Hanafi School)
The ‘Id prayer has two raka'at performed in the normal way, with the only addition of six Takbirs, three of them in the beginning of the first raka'ah, and three of them just before ruku' in the second raka'ah. The detailed way of performing the ‘Id prayer is as follows:
The Imam will begin the prayer without Adhan or iqamah. He will begin the prayer by reciting Takbir of Tahrimah (Allahu Akbar). You should raise your hands up to the ears, and after reciting the Takbir, you should set your hands on your navel. The Imam will give a little pause during which you should recite Thana' (Subhanakallahumma .:.). After the completion of Thana', the Imam will recite Takbir (Allahu Akbar) three times. At the first two calls of Takbir you should raise your hands up to the ears, and after reciting Takbir (Allahu Akbar) in a low voice, should bring your hands down and leave them earthwards. But, after the third Takbir, you should set them on your navel as you do in the normal prayers.
After these three Takbirs, the Imam will recite the Holy Qur'an, which you should listen calmly and quietly. The rest of the raka'ah will be performed in the normal way.
After rising for the second raka'ah, the Imam will begin the recitations from the Holy Qur'an during which you should remain calm and quiet. When the Imam finishes his recitation, he will recite three Takbirs once again, but this time it will be just before bowing down for ruku'. At each Takbir you should raise your hands up to the ears, and after saying 'Allahu Akbar', bring them down and leave them earthwards. After these three takbirs have been called and completed, the Imam will say another takbir for bowing down into the ruku' position. At this takbir you need not raise your hands. You just bow down for your ruku' saying, 'Allahu Akbar'. The rest of the salat will be performed in its usual way.
Khutbah: The Address of ‘Id al-Adha
In this salat of ‘Id, Khutbah is a sunnah and is delivered after the salat, unlike the salat of Jumu'ah where it is fard and is delivered before the salat. However, listening to the khutbah of ‘Id salat is wajib or necessary and must be listened to in perfect peace and silence.
It is a sunnah that the Imam begins the first Khutbah by reciting takbir (Allahu Akbar) nine times and the second Khutbah with reciting it seven times.
Note:
The way of ‘Id prayer described above is according to the Hanafi school of Muslim jurists. Some other jurists, like Imam Shafi'i, have some other ways to perform it. They recite Takbir twelve times before beginning the recitations of the Holy Qur'an in both the raka'at. This way is also permissible. If the Imam, being of the Shafi'i school, follows this way, you can also follow him. Both ways are based on the practice of the Holy Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam.
Sacrifice or Qurbani: Philosophy and Rules
The Urdu and Persian word Qurbani (Sacrificial slaughter) is derived from the Arabic word Qurban. Lexically, it means an act performed to seek Allah's pleasure. Originally, the word Qurban included all acts of charity because the purpose of charity is nothing but to seek Allah's pleasure. But, in precise religious terminology, the word was later confined to the sacrifice of an animal slaughtered for the sake of Allah.
The sacrifice of an animal has always been treated as a recognized form of worship in all religious orders originating from a divine book. Even in pagan societies, the sacrifice of an animal is recognized as a form of worship, but it is done in the name of some idols and not in the name of Allah, a practice totally rejected by Islam.
In the Shari'ah of our beloved Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, the sacrifice of an animal has been recognized as a form of worship only during three days of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah, namely, the 10th, 1lth and 12th of the month. This is to commemorate the unparalleled sacrifice offered by the Prophet Sayyidna Ibrahim, Alayhi Salam, when he, in pursuance to a command of Allah conveyed to him in a dream, prepared himself to slaughter his beloved son, Sayyidna Isma'il, Alayhi Salam, and actually did so but, Allah Almighty, after testing his submission, sent down a sheep and saved his son from the logical fate of slaughter. It is from that time onwards that the sacrifice of an animal became an obligatory duty to be performed by every well to do Muslim.
Qurbani is a demonstration of total submission to Allah and a proof of complete obedience to Allah's will or command. When a Muslim offers a Qurbani, this is exactly what he intends to prove. Thus, the Qurbani offered by a Muslim signifies that he is a slave of Allah at his best and that he would not hesitate even for a moment, once he receives an absolute command from his Creator, to surrender before it, to obey it willingly, even if it be at the price of his life and possessions. When a true and perfect Muslim receives a command from Allah, he does not make his obedience dependent upon the command's reasonability' as perceived through his limited understanding. He knows that Allah is All-knowing, All-Wise and that his own reason cannot encompass the knowledge and wisdom underlying the divine command. He, therefore, submits to the divine command, even if he cannot grasp the reason or wisdom behind it.
This is exactly what the Prophet Ibrahim, Alayhi Salam, did. Apparently, there was no reason why a father should slaughter his innocent son. But, when came the command from Allah, he never asked about the reason for that command, nor did he hesitate to follow it. Even his minor son when asked by his father about the dream he had seen, never questioned the legitimacy of the command, nor did he pine or whine about it, nor did he ask for one good reason why he was being slaughtered. The one and only response he made was:
'Father, do what you have been ordered to do. You shall find me, God willing, among the patient".
The present-day Qurbani is offered in memory of this great model of submission set before us by the great father and the great son. So Qurbani must be offered in our time emulating the same ideal and attitude of submission.
This, then, is the true philosophy of Qurbani. With this in mind, one can easily unveil the fallacy of those who raise objections against Qurbani on the basis of economic calculations and depict it to be a wastage of money, resources and livestock. Unable to see beyond mundane benefits, they cannot understand the spirit Islam wants to plant and nourish among its followers, the spirit of total submission to Allah's will which equips man with most superior qualities so necessary to keep humanity in a state of lasting peace and welfare.
Qurbani is nothing but a powerful symbol of the required human conduct vis-a-vis the divine commands, however "irrational" or "uneconomic" they may seem to be in their appearance. Thus, the distrustful quest for mundane economic benefits behind Qurbani is, in fact, the negation of its real philosophy and the very spirit underlying it.
No doubt, there are in every form of worship ordained by Allah, certain worldly benefits too, but they are not the main purpose of these prescribed duties, nor should they be treated as a pre-condition to submission and obedience. All acts of worship, including Qurbani, must be carried out with a spirit of total submission to Allah, irrespective of their economic, social or political benefits. This is what Ibrahim, Alayhi Salam, did, and this is what every true Muslim is required to do,
Keeping this in view, we are giving here some rules governing the worship of Qurbani in our Shari'ah according to the Hanafi School.
The Time of Qurbani
Qurbani can only be performed during the three days of ‘Id, namely the 10th, Ilth and 12th of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah. It is only in these days that slaughtering of an animal is recognized as an act of worship. No Qurbani can be performed in any other days of the year.
Although Qurbani is permissible on each of the three aforesaid days, yet it is preferable to perform it on the first day i.e. the 10th of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah.
No Qurbani is allowed before the ‘Id prayer is over. However, in small villages where the ‘Id prayer is not to be performed, Qurbani can be offered' any time after the break of dawn on the 10th of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah.
Qurbani can also be performed in the two nights following the ‘Id day, but it is more advisable to perform it during daytime.
Who is Required to Perform Qurbani?
Every adult Muslim, male or female, who owns 613.35 grams of silver or its equivalent in money, personal ornaments, stock-in-trade or any other form of wealth which is surplus to his basic needs, is under an obligation to offer a Qurbani. Each adult member of a family who owns the above mentioned amount must perform his own Qurbani separately. If the husband owns the required quantity, but the wife does not, the Qurbani obligatory on the husband only and vice-versa. If both of them have the prescribed amount of wealth, both should perform Qurbani separately.
If the adult children live with their parents, Qurbani is obligatory on each one of them possessing the prescribed amount. The Qurbani offered by a husband for himself does not fulfil the obligation of his wife, nor can the Qurbani offered by a father discharge his son or daughter from their obligation. Each one of them should care for his own.
However, if a husband or a father, apart from offering his own Qurbani, gives another Qurbani on behalf of his wife or his son, he can do so with their permission.
No Alternate for Qurbani
Some people think that instead of offering a Qurbani they should give its amount to some poor people as charity. This attitude is totally wrong. Actually, there are different forms of worship obligatory on Muslims. Each one of them has its own importance and none of them can stand for the other. It is not permissible for a Muslim to perform salat instead of fasting in Ramadan, nor is it permissible for him to give some charity instead of observing the obligatory Salat. Similarly, Qurbani is an independent form of worship and this obligation cannot be discharged by spending money in charity.
However, if somebody, out of his ignorance or negligence, could not offer Qurbani on the three prescribed days (10th, 1lth and 12th Dhu ‘l-Hijjah) then, in that case only, he can give the price of a Qurbani as sadaqah to those entitled to receive Zakah. But during the days of Qurbani no Sadaqah can discharge the obligation.
The Animals of Qurbani
The following animals can be slaughtered to offer a Qurbani:
1. Goat, either male or female, of at least one year of age.
2. Sheep, either male or female, of at least six months of age.
3. Cow, ox buffalo of at least two years of age.
4. Camel, male or female, of at least five years of age.
One head of goat or sheep is enough only for one person's Qurbani. But as for all other animals like cow, buffalo or camel, one head of each is equal to seven offerings thus allowing seven persons to offer Qurbani jointly in one such animal.
If the seller of animal claims that the animal is of the recognized age and there is no apparent evidence to the contrary; one can trust his statement and the sacrifice of such an animal is lawful.
Rules on Defective Animals
The following defective animals are not acceptable in Qurbani:
1. Blind, one eyed or lame animal.
2. An animal so emaciated that it cannot walk to its slaughtering place.
3. An animal with one-third part of the ear or the nose or the tail missing.
4. An animal that has no teeth at all, or the major number of its teeth are missing.
5. An animal born without ears.
The following animals are acceptable in Qurbani:
1. A castrated he - goat. (Rather, its Qurbani is more preferable).
2. An animal that has no horns, or its horns are broken. However, if the horns of an animal are uprooted totally so as to create a defect in the brain, its Qurbani is not lawful.
3. An animal the missing part of whose ear, nose or tail is less than one third.
4. A sick or injured animal, unless it has some above mentioned defects rendering its Qurbani unlawful.
The Sunnah Method of Qurbani
It is more preferable for a Muslim to slaughter the animal of his Qurbani with his own hands. However, if he is unable to slaughter the animal himself, or does not want to do so for some reason, he can request another person to slaughter it on his behalf. In this case also, it is more preferable that he, at least, be present at the time of slaughter. However, his absence at the time of slaughter does not render the Qurbani invalid, if he has authorized the person who slaughtered the animal on his behalf. It is a Sunnah to lay the animal with its face towards the Qiblah, and to recite the following verse of the Holy Quran:
I, being upright, turn my face towards the One who has created the heavens and the earth, and I am not among those who associate partners with Allah. ( Al-An'am, 6:79)
But the most essential recitation when slaughtering an animal is: Bismillah, Allahu Akbar. (In the name of Allah, Allah is the greatest). If somebody intentionally avoids to recite it when slaughtering an animal, it does not only make his Qurbani unlawful, but also renders the animal haram, and it is not permissible to eat the meat of that animal. However, if a person did not avoid this recitation intentionally, but he forgot to recite it when slaughtering the animal, this mistake is forgiven and both the Qurbani and the slaughter are lawful.
If somebody is unable to recite "Bismillah Allahu Akbar" in the Arabic language, he can recite the name of Allah in his own language by saying, "In the name of Allah".
Distribution of the Meat
If an animal is sacrificed by more than one person, like cow or camel, its meat should be distributed equally among its owners by weighing the meat strictly and not at random or by mere guess. Even if all the partners agree on its distribution without weighing, it is still not permissible according to shari'ah.
However, if the actual weighing is not practicable due to some reason, and all the partners agree to distribute the meat without weighing, distribution by guess can be done with the condition that each share necessarily contains either a leg of the animal or some quantity of its liver.
Although the person offering a Qurbani can keep all its meat for his own use, yet, it is preferable to distribute one-third among the poor, another one-third among his relatives and then, keep the rest for his personal consumption.
All parts of the sacrificed animal can be used for personal benefit, but none can be sold, nor can be given to the butcher as a part of his wages. If somebody has sold the meat of the Qurbani or its skin, he must give the accrued price as sadaqah to a poor man who can receive Zakah.
The most important way of worship performed in this month is "hajj", one of the five pillars of Islam. The Muslims from every part of the world assemble in Arabia to perform this unique way of worship. Hajj is a worship, which requires at least five days to be performed in its proper way. There are detailed rules for different acts of hajj for which separate books are available, and the present article does not aim at explaining all these details. However, some basic information about its obligation is being given here:
1. Hajj is obligatory on every adult Muslim who can afford to go to Makkah during the hajj season, whether on foot or by any other carriage.
2. If a person can travel to Makkah to perform hajj, but he cannot travel to Madinah, hajj is obligatory on him also. He can perform hajj without visiting Madinah.
3. A Muslim woman cannot travel for hajj unless she is accompanied by a mahram (i.e. husband or relative of a prohibited degree like son, father, brother etc.) If she does not find any mahram to accompany her, hajj is not obligatory on her until she finds one. However, she must make a will that in case she dies before performing hajj, his heirs should arrange for her hajj-e-badal out of her left over property.
4. Hajj is obligated only once in one's life. After performing the obligatory hajj; one is not required to perform it again. However, he can perform the nafl (optional hajj as many times as he or she wishes.)
.Dhu ‘l-Hijjah is the last month of the Islamic calendar. Literally, it means "hajj." Obviously, this name of the month indicates that the great annual worship of "hajj" is performed in this month, which gives it special significance. Some specific merits and rules relevant to this month are mentioned below:
First Ten Days
The first ten days of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah are among the most magnificent days in Islamic calendar. The Holy Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, has said, "One fast during these days is equal to the fasting of one complete year, and the worship of one night during this period is equal to the worship in the "Laylat Al-Qadr".
Every Muslim should avail of this wonderful opportunity by performing during this period as much ‘Ibadah (acts of worship) to Allah as he or she can.
The 9th Day of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah
The 9th day of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah is called Yawm al – ‘Arafah (The Day of 'Arafah). This is the date when the Hujjaj (Hajj pilgrims, plural of Haajj) assemble on the plain of 'Arafah, six miles away from Makkah al-Mukarramah, where they perform the most essential part of the prescribed duties of hajj, namely, the 'Wuquf of'Arafat (the stay in 'Arafat).
The Fast of Yawm al-'Arafah
For those not performing hajj, it is mustahabb (desirable) to fast on this day according to their own calendar. It sometimes occurs that 9th Dhu ‘l-Hijjah falls on different days in different countries according to the sighting of the moon. In such cases, Muslims of each country should observe 'Yawm al-‘Arafah according to the lunar dates of their own country.
For example, if 'Yawm al-'Arafah' is being observed in Saudi Arabia on Friday, and in Pakistan on Saturday, Pakistani Muslims should treat Saturday as Yawm al-’Arafah and should fast on that day if they desire to benefit from the fast of 'Youmul'Arafah'.
The fast of Yawm al-’Arafah has been emphasized by the Holy Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, as a mustahabb (desirable) act. According to a hadith, the fast of this day becomes a cause, hopefully so, of forgiveness for sins committed in one year.
Takbir at-Tashriq
Beginning from the Fajr of the 9th Dhu ‘l-Hijjah up to the 'Asr prayer of the 13th, it is obligatory on each Muslim to recite the Takbir of Tashriq after every fard prayer in the following words.
Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar,
La Ilaha Illallahu, Wallahu Akbar,
Allahu Akbar wa lillahilhamd.
(There is no god but Allah and Allah is the greatest, Allah is the greatest and to Allah belongs all praise.)
According to authentic Islamic sources, it is obligatory on each Muslim, to recite this Takbir after every fard salat. For women also, it is commendable though not obligatory. Whether you are performing salat with Jama'ah (collectively) or on your own (individually) makes no difference. You must recite the Takbir. However, male Muslims should recite it in a loud voice, while females should recite it in a low voice.
On the ‘Id Day
The following acts are sunnah on the day of ‘Id Al- Adha:
1. To wake up early in the morning.
2. To clean one's teeth with a miswak or brush
3. To take bath.
4. To put on one's best available clothes.
5. To use perfume.
6. Not to eat before the ‘Id prayer.
7. To recite the Takbir of Tashriq in a loud voice while going to the ‘Id prayer.
How to Perform ‘Id Prayers (Hanafi School)
The ‘Id prayer has two raka'at performed in the normal way, with the only addition of six Takbirs, three of them in the beginning of the first raka'ah, and three of them just before ruku' in the second raka'ah. The detailed way of performing the ‘Id prayer is as follows:
The Imam will begin the prayer without Adhan or iqamah. He will begin the prayer by reciting Takbir of Tahrimah (Allahu Akbar). You should raise your hands up to the ears, and after reciting the Takbir, you should set your hands on your navel. The Imam will give a little pause during which you should recite Thana' (Subhanakallahumma .:.). After the completion of Thana', the Imam will recite Takbir (Allahu Akbar) three times. At the first two calls of Takbir you should raise your hands up to the ears, and after reciting Takbir (Allahu Akbar) in a low voice, should bring your hands down and leave them earthwards. But, after the third Takbir, you should set them on your navel as you do in the normal prayers.
After these three Takbirs, the Imam will recite the Holy Qur'an, which you should listen calmly and quietly. The rest of the raka'ah will be performed in the normal way.
After rising for the second raka'ah, the Imam will begin the recitations from the Holy Qur'an during which you should remain calm and quiet. When the Imam finishes his recitation, he will recite three Takbirs once again, but this time it will be just before bowing down for ruku'. At each Takbir you should raise your hands up to the ears, and after saying 'Allahu Akbar', bring them down and leave them earthwards. After these three takbirs have been called and completed, the Imam will say another takbir for bowing down into the ruku' position. At this takbir you need not raise your hands. You just bow down for your ruku' saying, 'Allahu Akbar'. The rest of the salat will be performed in its usual way.
Khutbah: The Address of ‘Id al-Adha
In this salat of ‘Id, Khutbah is a sunnah and is delivered after the salat, unlike the salat of Jumu'ah where it is fard and is delivered before the salat. However, listening to the khutbah of ‘Id salat is wajib or necessary and must be listened to in perfect peace and silence.
It is a sunnah that the Imam begins the first Khutbah by reciting takbir (Allahu Akbar) nine times and the second Khutbah with reciting it seven times.
Note:
The way of ‘Id prayer described above is according to the Hanafi school of Muslim jurists. Some other jurists, like Imam Shafi'i, have some other ways to perform it. They recite Takbir twelve times before beginning the recitations of the Holy Qur'an in both the raka'at. This way is also permissible. If the Imam, being of the Shafi'i school, follows this way, you can also follow him. Both ways are based on the practice of the Holy Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam.
Sacrifice or Qurbani: Philosophy and Rules
The Urdu and Persian word Qurbani (Sacrificial slaughter) is derived from the Arabic word Qurban. Lexically, it means an act performed to seek Allah's pleasure. Originally, the word Qurban included all acts of charity because the purpose of charity is nothing but to seek Allah's pleasure. But, in precise religious terminology, the word was later confined to the sacrifice of an animal slaughtered for the sake of Allah.
The sacrifice of an animal has always been treated as a recognized form of worship in all religious orders originating from a divine book. Even in pagan societies, the sacrifice of an animal is recognized as a form of worship, but it is done in the name of some idols and not in the name of Allah, a practice totally rejected by Islam.
In the Shari'ah of our beloved Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, the sacrifice of an animal has been recognized as a form of worship only during three days of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah, namely, the 10th, 1lth and 12th of the month. This is to commemorate the unparalleled sacrifice offered by the Prophet Sayyidna Ibrahim, Alayhi Salam, when he, in pursuance to a command of Allah conveyed to him in a dream, prepared himself to slaughter his beloved son, Sayyidna Isma'il, Alayhi Salam, and actually did so but, Allah Almighty, after testing his submission, sent down a sheep and saved his son from the logical fate of slaughter. It is from that time onwards that the sacrifice of an animal became an obligatory duty to be performed by every well to do Muslim.
Qurbani is a demonstration of total submission to Allah and a proof of complete obedience to Allah's will or command. When a Muslim offers a Qurbani, this is exactly what he intends to prove. Thus, the Qurbani offered by a Muslim signifies that he is a slave of Allah at his best and that he would not hesitate even for a moment, once he receives an absolute command from his Creator, to surrender before it, to obey it willingly, even if it be at the price of his life and possessions. When a true and perfect Muslim receives a command from Allah, he does not make his obedience dependent upon the command's reasonability' as perceived through his limited understanding. He knows that Allah is All-knowing, All-Wise and that his own reason cannot encompass the knowledge and wisdom underlying the divine command. He, therefore, submits to the divine command, even if he cannot grasp the reason or wisdom behind it.
This is exactly what the Prophet Ibrahim, Alayhi Salam, did. Apparently, there was no reason why a father should slaughter his innocent son. But, when came the command from Allah, he never asked about the reason for that command, nor did he hesitate to follow it. Even his minor son when asked by his father about the dream he had seen, never questioned the legitimacy of the command, nor did he pine or whine about it, nor did he ask for one good reason why he was being slaughtered. The one and only response he made was:
'Father, do what you have been ordered to do. You shall find me, God willing, among the patient".
The present-day Qurbani is offered in memory of this great model of submission set before us by the great father and the great son. So Qurbani must be offered in our time emulating the same ideal and attitude of submission.
This, then, is the true philosophy of Qurbani. With this in mind, one can easily unveil the fallacy of those who raise objections against Qurbani on the basis of economic calculations and depict it to be a wastage of money, resources and livestock. Unable to see beyond mundane benefits, they cannot understand the spirit Islam wants to plant and nourish among its followers, the spirit of total submission to Allah's will which equips man with most superior qualities so necessary to keep humanity in a state of lasting peace and welfare.
Qurbani is nothing but a powerful symbol of the required human conduct vis-a-vis the divine commands, however "irrational" or "uneconomic" they may seem to be in their appearance. Thus, the distrustful quest for mundane economic benefits behind Qurbani is, in fact, the negation of its real philosophy and the very spirit underlying it.
No doubt, there are in every form of worship ordained by Allah, certain worldly benefits too, but they are not the main purpose of these prescribed duties, nor should they be treated as a pre-condition to submission and obedience. All acts of worship, including Qurbani, must be carried out with a spirit of total submission to Allah, irrespective of their economic, social or political benefits. This is what Ibrahim, Alayhi Salam, did, and this is what every true Muslim is required to do,
Keeping this in view, we are giving here some rules governing the worship of Qurbani in our Shari'ah according to the Hanafi School.
The Time of Qurbani
Qurbani can only be performed during the three days of ‘Id, namely the 10th, Ilth and 12th of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah. It is only in these days that slaughtering of an animal is recognized as an act of worship. No Qurbani can be performed in any other days of the year.
Although Qurbani is permissible on each of the three aforesaid days, yet it is preferable to perform it on the first day i.e. the 10th of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah.
No Qurbani is allowed before the ‘Id prayer is over. However, in small villages where the ‘Id prayer is not to be performed, Qurbani can be offered' any time after the break of dawn on the 10th of Dhu ‘l-Hijjah.
Qurbani can also be performed in the two nights following the ‘Id day, but it is more advisable to perform it during daytime.
Who is Required to Perform Qurbani?
Every adult Muslim, male or female, who owns 613.35 grams of silver or its equivalent in money, personal ornaments, stock-in-trade or any other form of wealth which is surplus to his basic needs, is under an obligation to offer a Qurbani. Each adult member of a family who owns the above mentioned amount must perform his own Qurbani separately. If the husband owns the required quantity, but the wife does not, the Qurbani obligatory on the husband only and vice-versa. If both of them have the prescribed amount of wealth, both should perform Qurbani separately.
If the adult children live with their parents, Qurbani is obligatory on each one of them possessing the prescribed amount. The Qurbani offered by a husband for himself does not fulfil the obligation of his wife, nor can the Qurbani offered by a father discharge his son or daughter from their obligation. Each one of them should care for his own.
However, if a husband or a father, apart from offering his own Qurbani, gives another Qurbani on behalf of his wife or his son, he can do so with their permission.
No Alternate for Qurbani
Some people think that instead of offering a Qurbani they should give its amount to some poor people as charity. This attitude is totally wrong. Actually, there are different forms of worship obligatory on Muslims. Each one of them has its own importance and none of them can stand for the other. It is not permissible for a Muslim to perform salat instead of fasting in Ramadan, nor is it permissible for him to give some charity instead of observing the obligatory Salat. Similarly, Qurbani is an independent form of worship and this obligation cannot be discharged by spending money in charity.
However, if somebody, out of his ignorance or negligence, could not offer Qurbani on the three prescribed days (10th, 1lth and 12th Dhu ‘l-Hijjah) then, in that case only, he can give the price of a Qurbani as sadaqah to those entitled to receive Zakah. But during the days of Qurbani no Sadaqah can discharge the obligation.
The Animals of Qurbani
The following animals can be slaughtered to offer a Qurbani:
1. Goat, either male or female, of at least one year of age.
2. Sheep, either male or female, of at least six months of age.
3. Cow, ox buffalo of at least two years of age.
4. Camel, male or female, of at least five years of age.
One head of goat or sheep is enough only for one person's Qurbani. But as for all other animals like cow, buffalo or camel, one head of each is equal to seven offerings thus allowing seven persons to offer Qurbani jointly in one such animal.
If the seller of animal claims that the animal is of the recognized age and there is no apparent evidence to the contrary; one can trust his statement and the sacrifice of such an animal is lawful.
Rules on Defective Animals
The following defective animals are not acceptable in Qurbani:
1. Blind, one eyed or lame animal.
2. An animal so emaciated that it cannot walk to its slaughtering place.
3. An animal with one-third part of the ear or the nose or the tail missing.
4. An animal that has no teeth at all, or the major number of its teeth are missing.
5. An animal born without ears.
The following animals are acceptable in Qurbani:
1. A castrated he - goat. (Rather, its Qurbani is more preferable).
2. An animal that has no horns, or its horns are broken. However, if the horns of an animal are uprooted totally so as to create a defect in the brain, its Qurbani is not lawful.
3. An animal the missing part of whose ear, nose or tail is less than one third.
4. A sick or injured animal, unless it has some above mentioned defects rendering its Qurbani unlawful.
The Sunnah Method of Qurbani
It is more preferable for a Muslim to slaughter the animal of his Qurbani with his own hands. However, if he is unable to slaughter the animal himself, or does not want to do so for some reason, he can request another person to slaughter it on his behalf. In this case also, it is more preferable that he, at least, be present at the time of slaughter. However, his absence at the time of slaughter does not render the Qurbani invalid, if he has authorized the person who slaughtered the animal on his behalf. It is a Sunnah to lay the animal with its face towards the Qiblah, and to recite the following verse of the Holy Quran:
I, being upright, turn my face towards the One who has created the heavens and the earth, and I am not among those who associate partners with Allah. ( Al-An'am, 6:79)
But the most essential recitation when slaughtering an animal is: Bismillah, Allahu Akbar. (In the name of Allah, Allah is the greatest). If somebody intentionally avoids to recite it when slaughtering an animal, it does not only make his Qurbani unlawful, but also renders the animal haram, and it is not permissible to eat the meat of that animal. However, if a person did not avoid this recitation intentionally, but he forgot to recite it when slaughtering the animal, this mistake is forgiven and both the Qurbani and the slaughter are lawful.
If somebody is unable to recite "Bismillah Allahu Akbar" in the Arabic language, he can recite the name of Allah in his own language by saying, "In the name of Allah".
Distribution of the Meat
If an animal is sacrificed by more than one person, like cow or camel, its meat should be distributed equally among its owners by weighing the meat strictly and not at random or by mere guess. Even if all the partners agree on its distribution without weighing, it is still not permissible according to shari'ah.
However, if the actual weighing is not practicable due to some reason, and all the partners agree to distribute the meat without weighing, distribution by guess can be done with the condition that each share necessarily contains either a leg of the animal or some quantity of its liver.
Although the person offering a Qurbani can keep all its meat for his own use, yet, it is preferable to distribute one-third among the poor, another one-third among his relatives and then, keep the rest for his personal consumption.
All parts of the sacrificed animal can be used for personal benefit, but none can be sold, nor can be given to the butcher as a part of his wages. If somebody has sold the meat of the Qurbani or its skin, he must give the accrued price as sadaqah to a poor man who can receive Zakah.
Τροφή και Θρησκεία
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Η συμβολική χρήση της τροφής συνδέεται με τη θρησκευτική συμπεριφορά,
-και η τροφή και το ποτό αποτελούν θεμελιώδη στοιχεία της-.
Η τροφή και το ποτό συμβολίζουν ότι η θρησκευτική εμπειρία δεν είναι μόνο προσωπική αλλά και κοινοτική : ΜΥΣΤΙΚΟΣ ΔΕΙΠΝΟΣ - ΘΕΙΑ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΑ.
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Υπάρχουν δύο λόγοι γι'αυτό :
α.η θρησκεία είναι ένα από τα συστήματα σκέψης και πράξης με τα οποία τα μέλη μιας ομάδας εκφράζουν την ΣΥΝΟΧΗ και την ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΑ τους,και
β.βασικό στοιχείο του δόγματος κάθε θρησκείας αποτελεί ο ορισμός του ΜΙΑΣΜΑΤΟΣ ή της ΒΕΒΗΛΩΣΗΣ,δηλαδή του ΥΠΕΡΦΥΣΙΚΩΣ ΕΠΙΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ ή ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗΣ.
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Οι τροφικοί κανόνες και τα έθιμα μιας περίπλοκης κοινωνίας και της θρησκείας της,
βασίζονται στην προγενέστερη προϋπόθεση της ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΩΣΗΣ ή,τουλάχιστον,σε μία έννοια ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΜΟΥ (=ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗ ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΑ και ΔΙΑΚΡΙΣΗ).
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Η σαφέστερη εικόνα μεταξύ τροφικών κανόνων και εθίμων και της ύπαρξης κοινωνκής διαστρωμάτωσης,παραδοσιακών προνομίων και κοινωνικών,οικογενειακών και ηθικών φραγμών που δεν μπορούν να υπερπηδηθούν,παρέχουν οι θρησκείες της Ινδίας :
"PACCA",η τροφή που παρασκευάζεται με τον καλύτερο τρόπο,για χρήση μόνο από τους Βραχμάνους,
"KACCA",η κατώτερη τροφή όλων των άλλων,
"JUTHA",το ακάθαρτο,είναι η τροφή που μένει στο πιάτο,είναι η τροφή των κατώτερων μελών της οικογένειας.
Το κρέας των ζώων διαβαθμίζεται ανάλογα με το σχετικό ποσό της μόλυνσης του,(Ινδουϊστικό σύστημα αγνότητας-μόλυνσης),τα αυγά είναι το λιγότερο και το βοδινό το περισσότερο μολυσματικό.
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Μόνη της η θρησκεία δεν καθορίζει τους τροφικούς κανόνες,αλλά αντίθετα εξυπηρετεί τη νομιμοποίηση εθιμοτυπικών προτύπων συμπεριφοράς και κοινωνικών σχέσεων που προκύπτουν από οικονομικές -ιδιαίτερα επαγγελματικές- και πολιτικές σχέσεις.
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Απαγορευμένες συνήθως τροφές που δεν πρέπει να καταναλώνονται είναι :
1.τα μη μηρυκαστικά ζώα,-όπως τα γουρούνια,γιατί τρέφονται με ότι τρέφεται και ο άνθρωπος,άρα ανταγωνιστικά-,
2.όσα δεν έχουν διχασμένες οπλές,
3.τα ψάρια χωρίς πτερύγια και λέπια,
4.το αίμα οποιουδήποτε ζώου,
5.όλα τα ζώα που έρπουν,
6.τα όρνεα,τα γεράκια,οι κουκουβάγιες,
7.τα άλογα,-είναι απαραίτητα στον πόλεμο-,
8.οι καμήλες,-είναι απαραίτητες στις μεταφορές στην έρημο,
9.τα ψόφια ή στραγγαλισμένα ζώα,
10.τα ιερά σφάγια,
11.τα οινοπνευματώδη,λόγω της απώλειας του αυτοέλεγχου,
12.των ιερών ζώων,όπως της αγελάδας στην Ινδία που σχετίζεται με την μετενσάρκωση -απαιτούνται 86 μετενσαρκώσεις για να ανυψωθεί μία ψυχή από το στάδιο του δαίμονα σ'αυτό της αγελάδας και μία επιπλέον για να αποκτήσει ανθρώπινη μορφή,μέσα σε κάθε αγελάδα κατοικούν 330 εκατομύρια θεότητες-.
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Η συμβολική χρήση της τροφής συνδέεται με τη θρησκευτική συμπεριφορά,
-και η τροφή και το ποτό αποτελούν θεμελιώδη στοιχεία της-.
Η τροφή και το ποτό συμβολίζουν ότι η θρησκευτική εμπειρία δεν είναι μόνο προσωπική αλλά και κοινοτική : ΜΥΣΤΙΚΟΣ ΔΕΙΠΝΟΣ - ΘΕΙΑ ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΑ.
..
Υπάρχουν δύο λόγοι γι'αυτό :
α.η θρησκεία είναι ένα από τα συστήματα σκέψης και πράξης με τα οποία τα μέλη μιας ομάδας εκφράζουν την ΣΥΝΟΧΗ και την ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΑ τους,και
β.βασικό στοιχείο του δόγματος κάθε θρησκείας αποτελεί ο ορισμός του ΜΙΑΣΜΑΤΟΣ ή της ΒΕΒΗΛΩΣΗΣ,δηλαδή του ΥΠΕΡΦΥΣΙΚΩΣ ΕΠΙΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥ ή ΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗΣ.
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Οι τροφικοί κανόνες και τα έθιμα μιας περίπλοκης κοινωνίας και της θρησκείας της,
βασίζονται στην προγενέστερη προϋπόθεση της ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΩΣΗΣ ή,τουλάχιστον,σε μία έννοια ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΜΟΥ (=ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗ ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΑ και ΔΙΑΚΡΙΣΗ).
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Η σαφέστερη εικόνα μεταξύ τροφικών κανόνων και εθίμων και της ύπαρξης κοινωνκής διαστρωμάτωσης,παραδοσιακών προνομίων και κοινωνικών,οικογενειακών και ηθικών φραγμών που δεν μπορούν να υπερπηδηθούν,παρέχουν οι θρησκείες της Ινδίας :
"PACCA",η τροφή που παρασκευάζεται με τον καλύτερο τρόπο,για χρήση μόνο από τους Βραχμάνους,
"KACCA",η κατώτερη τροφή όλων των άλλων,
"JUTHA",το ακάθαρτο,είναι η τροφή που μένει στο πιάτο,είναι η τροφή των κατώτερων μελών της οικογένειας.
Το κρέας των ζώων διαβαθμίζεται ανάλογα με το σχετικό ποσό της μόλυνσης του,(Ινδουϊστικό σύστημα αγνότητας-μόλυνσης),τα αυγά είναι το λιγότερο και το βοδινό το περισσότερο μολυσματικό.
..
Μόνη της η θρησκεία δεν καθορίζει τους τροφικούς κανόνες,αλλά αντίθετα εξυπηρετεί τη νομιμοποίηση εθιμοτυπικών προτύπων συμπεριφοράς και κοινωνικών σχέσεων που προκύπτουν από οικονομικές -ιδιαίτερα επαγγελματικές- και πολιτικές σχέσεις.
..
Απαγορευμένες συνήθως τροφές που δεν πρέπει να καταναλώνονται είναι :
1.τα μη μηρυκαστικά ζώα,-όπως τα γουρούνια,γιατί τρέφονται με ότι τρέφεται και ο άνθρωπος,άρα ανταγωνιστικά-,
2.όσα δεν έχουν διχασμένες οπλές,
3.τα ψάρια χωρίς πτερύγια και λέπια,
4.το αίμα οποιουδήποτε ζώου,
5.όλα τα ζώα που έρπουν,
6.τα όρνεα,τα γεράκια,οι κουκουβάγιες,
7.τα άλογα,-είναι απαραίτητα στον πόλεμο-,
8.οι καμήλες,-είναι απαραίτητες στις μεταφορές στην έρημο,
9.τα ψόφια ή στραγγαλισμένα ζώα,
10.τα ιερά σφάγια,
11.τα οινοπνευματώδη,λόγω της απώλειας του αυτοέλεγχου,
12.των ιερών ζώων,όπως της αγελάδας στην Ινδία που σχετίζεται με την μετενσάρκωση -απαιτούνται 86 μετενσαρκώσεις για να ανυψωθεί μία ψυχή από το στάδιο του δαίμονα σ'αυτό της αγελάδας και μία επιπλέον για να αποκτήσει ανθρώπινη μορφή,μέσα σε κάθε αγελάδα κατοικούν 330 εκατομύρια θεότητες-.
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Biblical Transcripts of Constantine Tischendorf
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Γερμανός ευαγγελιστής θεολόγος και κριτικός της Βίβλου,1815-1874.
Ανακάλυψε τον περίφημο ''Σινα'ι'τικό Κώδικα'' :
τα χειρόγραφα αυτά γράφτηκαν πιθανώς κατά το 2ο μισό του 4ου αιώνα στην Αίγυπτο και περιλαμβάνουν το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα της Παλαιάς Διαθήκης,ολόκληρη την Καινή Διαθήκη,την Επιστολή Βαρνάβα και ένα μέρος από το βιβλίο ''Ποιμήν του Ερμά''.
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Κριτική της Βίβλου
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SIMsY6b2n2gC&lpg=PA214&ots=X7dnjgl8XR&dq=tischendorf%20lobegott%20friedrich%20konstantin&hl=el&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q=&f=false
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Biblical Transcripts of Constantine Tischendorf
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Η Θρησκευτική Ενγκυκλοπαίδεια :
http://www/.archives.org/stream/religiousencyclo04herz_djvu.txt
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Η Επιστολή του Βαρνάβα :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LXMfGMGKGK4C&lpg=PA252&ots=c1gercTaWn&dq=sinaitic%20codex&hl=el&pg=PA252#v=onepage&q=sinaitic%20codex&f=false
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Ο Σινα'ι'τικός Κώδικας :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus
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Ο ΠΟΙΜΗΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΡΜΑ :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas
Ελληνικό κείμενο :
http://ccel/l/lake/fathers/shepherd_a.htm
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Γερμανός ευαγγελιστής θεολόγος και κριτικός της Βίβλου,1815-1874.
Ανακάλυψε τον περίφημο ''Σινα'ι'τικό Κώδικα'' :
τα χειρόγραφα αυτά γράφτηκαν πιθανώς κατά το 2ο μισό του 4ου αιώνα στην Αίγυπτο και περιλαμβάνουν το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα της Παλαιάς Διαθήκης,ολόκληρη την Καινή Διαθήκη,την Επιστολή Βαρνάβα και ένα μέρος από το βιβλίο ''Ποιμήν του Ερμά''.
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Κριτική της Βίβλου
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SIMsY6b2n2gC&lpg=PA214&ots=X7dnjgl8XR&dq=tischendorf%20lobegott%20friedrich%20konstantin&hl=el&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q=&f=false
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Biblical Transcripts of Constantine Tischendorf
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Η Θρησκευτική Ενγκυκλοπαίδεια :
http://www/.archives.org/stream/religiousencyclo04herz_djvu.txt
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Η Επιστολή του Βαρνάβα :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LXMfGMGKGK4C&lpg=PA252&ots=c1gercTaWn&dq=sinaitic%20codex&hl=el&pg=PA252#v=onepage&q=sinaitic%20codex&f=false
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Ο Σινα'ι'τικός Κώδικας :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus
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Ο ΠΟΙΜΗΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΡΜΑ :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas
Ελληνικό κείμενο :
http://ccel/l/lake/fathers/shepherd_a.htm
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Joachim of Fiore
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Ιταλός Μυστικός,θεολόγος,σχολιαστής της Βίβλου,1130/1135-1201/1202.
Ιδρυτής του μοναχικού Τάγματος του San Giovanni in Fiore.
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Διατύπωσε επίσης μία ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ,
κατά την οποία η ιστορία εξελίσσεται σε τρείς καταστάσεις ή εποχές :
α.του Πατρός.
Ανταποκρίνεται στην Παλαιά Διαθήκη και χαρακτηρίζεται από την υπακοή της ανθρωπότητας στους Νόμους του Θεού
β.του Υιού.
Ανταποκρίνεται στην Καινή Διαθήκη.
Από την Έλευση του Κυρίου μέχρι το 1260.
Είναι η εποχή που ο άνθρωπος είναι ο Υιός του Θεού.
γ.του Αγίου Πνεύματος.
Όταν η ανθρωπότητα θα είναι σε άμεση επαφή με το Θείο.
''Η ΤΑΞΗ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ'' ή "Τάγμα των Φραγκισκανών" θα κυβερνά την εκκλησία.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan
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THEORY OF THE THREE AGES :
The mystical basis of his teaching is his doctrine of the "Eternal Gospel," founded on an interpretation of the text in Revelation xiv, 6.
His theories can be considered millenarian; he believed that history, by analogy with the Trinity, was divided into three fundamental epochs:
The Age of the Father, corresponding to the Old Testament, characterized by obedience of mankind to the Rules of God;
The Age of the Son, between the advent of Christ and 1260, represented by the New Testament, when Man became the son of God;
The Age of the Holy Spirit, impending (in 1260), when mankind was to come in direct contact with God, reaching the total freedom preached by the Christian message. The Kingdom of the Holy Spirit, a new dispensation of universal love, would proceed from the Gospel of Christ, but transcend the letter of it. In this new Age the ecclesiastical organization would be replaced and the Order of the Just would rule the Church. This Order of the Just was later identified with the Franciscan order by his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino.
According to Joachim, only in this third Age will it be possible to really understand the words of God in its deepest meanings, and not merely literally. He concluded that this age would begin in 1260 based on the Book of Revelation (verses 11:3 and 12:6, which mention "one thousand two hundred and sixty days").[2] In this year, instead of the parousia (second Advent of Christ), a new Epoch of peace and concord would begin, thus making the hierarchy of the Church unnecessary.
Joachim distinguished between the "reign of justice" or of "law", in an imperfect society, and the "reign of freedom" in a perfect society[3].
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"Ψαλτήριο των Δέκα Χορδών" : Πάνω σ'αυτό γράφει ο Άγιος Αυγουστίνος :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=srsPAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA39&ots=dMmmAHkkZv&dq=Psaltery%20of%20Ten%20Strings&hl=el&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=Psaltery%20of%20Ten%20Strings&f=false
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Όσον αφορά το Βιβλίο της Αποκάλυψης :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WfA2AAAAMAAJ&ots=KWPqIxEmrF&dq=Exposition%20of%20the%20Book%20of%20Revelation&hl=el&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
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Το πιο σημαντικό σύγγραμα του είναι η μελέτη της αρμονίας των Ιερών Γραφών :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cHxJAAAAMAAJ&ots=L4EyfQeEIw&dq=Harmony%20of%20the%20Old%20and%20New%20Testaments&hl=el&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q=&f=false
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Joachim of Fiore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ιταλός Μυστικός,θεολόγος,σχολιαστής της Βίβλου,1130/1135-1201/1202.
Ιδρυτής του μοναχικού Τάγματος του San Giovanni in Fiore.
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Διατύπωσε επίσης μία ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ,
κατά την οποία η ιστορία εξελίσσεται σε τρείς καταστάσεις ή εποχές :
α.του Πατρός.
Ανταποκρίνεται στην Παλαιά Διαθήκη και χαρακτηρίζεται από την υπακοή της ανθρωπότητας στους Νόμους του Θεού
β.του Υιού.
Ανταποκρίνεται στην Καινή Διαθήκη.
Από την Έλευση του Κυρίου μέχρι το 1260.
Είναι η εποχή που ο άνθρωπος είναι ο Υιός του Θεού.
γ.του Αγίου Πνεύματος.
Όταν η ανθρωπότητα θα είναι σε άμεση επαφή με το Θείο.
''Η ΤΑΞΗ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ'' ή "Τάγμα των Φραγκισκανών" θα κυβερνά την εκκλησία.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan
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THEORY OF THE THREE AGES :
The mystical basis of his teaching is his doctrine of the "Eternal Gospel," founded on an interpretation of the text in Revelation xiv, 6.
His theories can be considered millenarian; he believed that history, by analogy with the Trinity, was divided into three fundamental epochs:
The Age of the Father, corresponding to the Old Testament, characterized by obedience of mankind to the Rules of God;
The Age of the Son, between the advent of Christ and 1260, represented by the New Testament, when Man became the son of God;
The Age of the Holy Spirit, impending (in 1260), when mankind was to come in direct contact with God, reaching the total freedom preached by the Christian message. The Kingdom of the Holy Spirit, a new dispensation of universal love, would proceed from the Gospel of Christ, but transcend the letter of it. In this new Age the ecclesiastical organization would be replaced and the Order of the Just would rule the Church. This Order of the Just was later identified with the Franciscan order by his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino.
According to Joachim, only in this third Age will it be possible to really understand the words of God in its deepest meanings, and not merely literally. He concluded that this age would begin in 1260 based on the Book of Revelation (verses 11:3 and 12:6, which mention "one thousand two hundred and sixty days").[2] In this year, instead of the parousia (second Advent of Christ), a new Epoch of peace and concord would begin, thus making the hierarchy of the Church unnecessary.
Joachim distinguished between the "reign of justice" or of "law", in an imperfect society, and the "reign of freedom" in a perfect society[3].
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"Ψαλτήριο των Δέκα Χορδών" : Πάνω σ'αυτό γράφει ο Άγιος Αυγουστίνος :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=srsPAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA39&ots=dMmmAHkkZv&dq=Psaltery%20of%20Ten%20Strings&hl=el&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q=Psaltery%20of%20Ten%20Strings&f=false
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Όσον αφορά το Βιβλίο της Αποκάλυψης :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WfA2AAAAMAAJ&ots=KWPqIxEmrF&dq=Exposition%20of%20the%20Book%20of%20Revelation&hl=el&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
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Το πιο σημαντικό σύγγραμα του είναι η μελέτη της αρμονίας των Ιερών Γραφών :
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cHxJAAAAMAAJ&ots=L4EyfQeEIw&dq=Harmony%20of%20the%20Old%20and%20New%20Testaments&hl=el&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q=&f=false
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Joachim of Fiore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi,Whirling Dervishes
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Ο μεγαλύτερος περσόφωνος σουφιστής μυστικός και ποιητής της Balkh του Khorasan,Αυτοκρατορίας των Γκουρίων ή Γουριδών,Khwarezmian -σημερινό Αφγανιστάν-.
Γεννήθηκε στο Ικόνιο,Σουλτανάτο των Σελτζουκιδών το 1207 και πέθανε το 1273.
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Επηρεάστηκε :
α.από τον πατέρα του Μπαχά αντ-Ντιν Ουαλάντ,διακεκριμένο μυστικό,θεολόγο,συγγραφέα και δάσκαλο,
β.από τον μεγάλο μυστικό φιλόσοφο Ιμπν αλ-Αράμπι,
γ.σημαντικά από τον περιπλανώμενο δερβίση Σαμς αντ-Ντιν Ταμπρίζι ''Ήλιο της Θρησκείας'' - "Rumi's Sun",ο οποίος του αποκέλυψε τα μυστήρια του Θείου Μεγαλείου και Κάλλους,σε ένα απόλυτο πνευματικό δεσμό ανάμεσα τους,
δ.από τον αγράμματο χρυσοχόο Σαλάχ αντ-Ντιν Ζαρκούμπ,και τέλος
ε.από τον πνευματικό σύντροφο του,Χουσάμ αντ-Ντιν Τσελεμπί.
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Ο μεγαλύτερος περσόφωνος σουφιστής μυστικός και ποιητής της Balkh του Khorasan,Αυτοκρατορίας των Γκουρίων ή Γουριδών,Khwarezmian -σημερινό Αφγανιστάν-.
Γεννήθηκε στο Ικόνιο,Σουλτανάτο των Σελτζουκιδών το 1207 και πέθανε το 1273.
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Επηρεάστηκε :
α.από τον πατέρα του Μπαχά αντ-Ντιν Ουαλάντ,διακεκριμένο μυστικό,θεολόγο,συγγραφέα και δάσκαλο,
β.από τον μεγάλο μυστικό φιλόσοφο Ιμπν αλ-Αράμπι,
γ.σημαντικά από τον περιπλανώμενο δερβίση Σαμς αντ-Ντιν Ταμπρίζι ''Ήλιο της Θρησκείας'' - "Rumi's Sun",ο οποίος του αποκέλυψε τα μυστήρια του Θείου Μεγαλείου και Κάλλους,σε ένα απόλυτο πνευματικό δεσμό ανάμεσα τους,
δ.από τον αγράμματο χρυσοχόο Σαλάχ αντ-Ντιν Ζαρκούμπ,και τέλος
ε.από τον πνευματικό σύντροφο του,Χουσάμ αντ-Ντιν Τσελεμπί.
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Πνευματικός διάδοχος του,μετά τον θάνατο του,ήταν ο Χουσάμ αντ-Ντιν,τον οποίο διαδέχθηκε
Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams-e_Tabrizi
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http://www.rumionfire.com/bio/
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Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams-e_Tabrizi
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http://www.rumionfire.com/bio/
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The life of Jesus - David Friedrich Strauss
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"Τα Ευαγγελικά γραπτά πρέπει να νοούνται κατά κύριο λόγο ως έκφραση συμβολικών ιδεών,
δηλαδή ως μύθοι,
η γνώση της ιστορικής πραγματικότητας των οποίων ελάχιστον ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει".
Αποτελούν πρώτ'απ'όλα ντοκουμέντα,
προορισμός των οποίων είναι η διάδοση της πίστης,...
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The life of Jesus - Βιβλία Google
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strauss
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"Τα Ευαγγελικά γραπτά πρέπει να νοούνται κατά κύριο λόγο ως έκφραση συμβολικών ιδεών,
δηλαδή ως μύθοι,
η γνώση της ιστορικής πραγματικότητας των οποίων ελάχιστον ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει".
Αποτελούν πρώτ'απ'όλα ντοκουμέντα,
προορισμός των οποίων είναι η διάδοση της πίστης,...
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The life of Jesus - Βιβλία Google
..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Strauss
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"O SHOFAR E O TEMPLO"
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Τελετουργικό μουσικό όργανο κατασκευασμένο από κέρας κριαριού ή άλλου ζώου που χρησιμοποιείται σε σημαντικές ιουδα'ι'κές δημόσιες και θρησκευτικές περιστάσεις.
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Στους Βιβλικούς Χρόνους,
το σοφάρ αποτελούσε το όργανο με το οποίο σήμαιναν την ημέρα του Σαββάτου,
ανήγγειλαν τη Νέα Σελήνη και
ανακήρυτταν τη χρίση ενός νέου βασιλιά.
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Σήμερα χρησιμοποιείται κυρίως στη συναγωγή την ημέρα του νέου Εβρα'ι'κού Έτους -Ρας Χασάνα- για να καλέσει τον ιουδα'ι'κό λαό σε πνευματική επαγρύπνηση.
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Το σοφάρ παράγει θρηνητικούς -κοφτούς ή παρατεταμένους- και συγκρατημένους ήχους σε διαδιχές που ποικίλλουν αυστηρά ανάλογα με το τυπικό.
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YouTube - THE SHOFAR "O SHOFAR E O TEMPLO"
Τελετουργικό μουσικό όργανο κατασκευασμένο από κέρας κριαριού ή άλλου ζώου που χρησιμοποιείται σε σημαντικές ιουδα'ι'κές δημόσιες και θρησκευτικές περιστάσεις.
..
Στους Βιβλικούς Χρόνους,
το σοφάρ αποτελούσε το όργανο με το οποίο σήμαιναν την ημέρα του Σαββάτου,
ανήγγειλαν τη Νέα Σελήνη και
ανακήρυτταν τη χρίση ενός νέου βασιλιά.
..
Σήμερα χρησιμοποιείται κυρίως στη συναγωγή την ημέρα του νέου Εβρα'ι'κού Έτους -Ρας Χασάνα- για να καλέσει τον ιουδα'ι'κό λαό σε πνευματική επαγρύπνηση.
..
Το σοφάρ παράγει θρηνητικούς -κοφτούς ή παρατεταμένους- και συγκρατημένους ήχους σε διαδιχές που ποικίλλουν αυστηρά ανάλογα με το τυπικό.
..
YouTube - THE SHOFAR "O SHOFAR E O TEMPLO"
Sunnah
Είναι η παραδοσιακή κοινωνική και νομική πρακτική της ισλαμικής κοινότητας.
Μεμονωμένες παραδόσεις αυθεντικές γνωστές ως "ilm al-hadith".
Πρακτικές που είχαν καθιερωθεί προ'ι'σλαμικά από τους φυλετικούς προγόνους
και είχαν γίνει αποδοκτές ως κανόνας και εφαρμοζόταν από όλη την κοινότητα΄.
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Ο νομοδιδάσκαλος ασ-Σαφιί (767-820 μ.Χ.) προσέδωσε στη 'σούνα' του Προφήτη,
όπως αυτή είχε διατηρηθεί στις καταγραφές των λόγων και των πράξεων Του από αυτόπτες μάρτυρες,γνωστών ως το "ΧΑΝΤΙΘ",με κανονιστικό και νομικό κύρος,κατώτερο μόνο του Κορανίου.
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Η σούνα χρησιμοποιήθηκε στην εξήγηση του Κορανίου "Trafsir",
προκειμένου να συμπληρωθεί το νόημα Του,
και στο Ισλαμικό Δίκαιο "Fiqh" ως βάση νομικών αποφάσεων για θέματα που δεν περιλαμβάνονται στο Κοράνι.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir
http://www.matabah.org/index.php/quran/translations/51.html
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Μεμονωμένες παραδόσεις αυθεντικές γνωστές ως "ilm al-hadith".
Πρακτικές που είχαν καθιερωθεί προ'ι'σλαμικά από τους φυλετικούς προγόνους
και είχαν γίνει αποδοκτές ως κανόνας και εφαρμοζόταν από όλη την κοινότητα΄.
..
Ο νομοδιδάσκαλος ασ-Σαφιί (767-820 μ.Χ.) προσέδωσε στη 'σούνα' του Προφήτη,
όπως αυτή είχε διατηρηθεί στις καταγραφές των λόγων και των πράξεων Του από αυτόπτες μάρτυρες,γνωστών ως το "ΧΑΝΤΙΘ",με κανονιστικό και νομικό κύρος,κατώτερο μόνο του Κορανίου.
..
Η σούνα χρησιμοποιήθηκε στην εξήγηση του Κορανίου "Trafsir",
προκειμένου να συμπληρωθεί το νόημα Του,
και στο Ισλαμικό Δίκαιο "Fiqh" ως βάση νομικών αποφάσεων για θέματα που δεν περιλαμβάνονται στο Κοράνι.
..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir
http://www.matabah.org/index.php/quran/translations/51.html
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Ποιμένες-Βασιλείς,Giovanni Battista Guarini,Μιχαήλ Σουμμάκης,Cushites,Moses,Shepherd Kings,Zipporan,Beta Israel,Kush,Tharbis,Zerah,X-Group of Nubia,
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Ποιμένες ανθρώπων με θεία καταγωγή,
της γραμμής των Λεόντων,
που μπορούν να επηρεάζουν τις τύχες του λαού
και έχουν καθήκοντα να εκπληρώσουν.
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Ο Ζακύνθιος λόγιος του 17ου αιώνα Μιχαήλ Σουμμάκης είναι γνωστός κυρίως ως μεταφραστής του δημοφιλέστερου στα χρόνια της αναγέννησης του ποιμενικού δράματος PASTOR FIDO του Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538-1612).
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http://en.wikipedia.org/Giovanni_Battista_Guarini
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush
http://numibia.net/nubia/x-group.htm
http://www.jstor.org/pss/593008
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRICA/KUSH.HTM
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Η κόρη του Ποιμένα Jethro και γυναίκα του Μωυσή :
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipporah
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharbis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerah
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Καταγωγή από τον γιό του Νώε Ham
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel
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Ποιμένες ανθρώπων με θεία καταγωγή,
της γραμμής των Λεόντων,
που μπορούν να επηρεάζουν τις τύχες του λαού
και έχουν καθήκοντα να εκπληρώσουν.
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Ο Ζακύνθιος λόγιος του 17ου αιώνα Μιχαήλ Σουμμάκης είναι γνωστός κυρίως ως μεταφραστής του δημοφιλέστερου στα χρόνια της αναγέννησης του ποιμενικού δράματος PASTOR FIDO του Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538-1612).
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http://en.wikipedia.org/Giovanni_Battista_Guarini
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush
http://numibia.net/nubia/x-group.htm
http://www.jstor.org/pss/593008
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/CIVAFRICA/KUSH.HTM
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Η κόρη του Ποιμένα Jethro και γυναίκα του Μωυσή :
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipporah
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharbis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerah
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Καταγωγή από τον γιό του Νώε Ham
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel
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WISDOM OF SOLOMON / ΣΟΦΙΑ ΣΟΛΟΜΩΝΤΟΣ
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Απόκρυφο έργο αποκλεισμένο από τον κανόνα των Εβραίων και των Προτεσταντών,
έγινε αποδεκτό στην Ελληνική μετάφραση της Παλαιάς διαθήκης και από τους Ρωμαιοκαθολικούς.
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Η Σοφία παρουσιάζεται ως γυναικεία προσωποποίηση μιας ιδιότητας του Θεού.
Είναι "μια πνοή της δύναμης του Θεού και μία ειλικρινής απόρροια της δόξας του Παντοδύναμου".
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Γράφτηκε τον 1ο π.Χ. αιώνα από έναν Εβραίο στην Αλεξάνδρεια,
με σκοπό την προάσπιση του Ιουδα'ι'σμού,γιατί,
περιγράφοντας τα Ιουδα'ι'κά δόγματα με όρους της Ελληνικής Φιλοσοφίας,
έδειχνε ότι οι φιλοσοφικές αλήθειες ήταν εφαρμόσιμες στην Ιουδα'ι'κή αντίληψη για τον Θεό.
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Απευθύνεται τόσο στους Εβραίους,οι οποίοι επηρεασμένοι από μη εβρα'ι'κό περιβάλλον είχαν υιοθετήσει άλλους θεούς όσο και στους αδιάλλακτους Εβραίους οι οποίοι στο ίδιο περιβάλλον υποστήριζαν τον πλήρη θρησκευτικό και κοινωνικό απομονωτισμό.
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Το 1ο από τα 3 μέρη :
σε ποιητική μορφή ασχολείται με την ενθάρρυνση του ενθουσιασμού για τη θρησκευτική πίστη και πρακτική,με έμφαση στην ανωτερότητα της πίστης έναντι της ασέβειας.
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Το 2ο μέρος :
συνδυάζει ποίηση και πεζό λόγο και εξαίρει την Σοφία.
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Το 3ο μέρος :
συνδυάζει επίσης ποίηση και πεζό και επιχειρεί να αποδείξει ότι η Σοφία καθοδήγησε και καθοδηγεί όλη την ισταρία.Καταδικάζει και την λατρεία των ειδώλων.
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WISDOM OF SOLOMON / ΣΟΦΙΑ ΣΟΛΟΜΩΝΤΟΣ / 1 - Septuagint Old Testament Bilingual (Greek / English)
Απόκρυφο έργο αποκλεισμένο από τον κανόνα των Εβραίων και των Προτεσταντών,
έγινε αποδεκτό στην Ελληνική μετάφραση της Παλαιάς διαθήκης και από τους Ρωμαιοκαθολικούς.
..
Η Σοφία παρουσιάζεται ως γυναικεία προσωποποίηση μιας ιδιότητας του Θεού.
Είναι "μια πνοή της δύναμης του Θεού και μία ειλικρινής απόρροια της δόξας του Παντοδύναμου".
..
Γράφτηκε τον 1ο π.Χ. αιώνα από έναν Εβραίο στην Αλεξάνδρεια,
με σκοπό την προάσπιση του Ιουδα'ι'σμού,γιατί,
περιγράφοντας τα Ιουδα'ι'κά δόγματα με όρους της Ελληνικής Φιλοσοφίας,
έδειχνε ότι οι φιλοσοφικές αλήθειες ήταν εφαρμόσιμες στην Ιουδα'ι'κή αντίληψη για τον Θεό.
..
Απευθύνεται τόσο στους Εβραίους,οι οποίοι επηρεασμένοι από μη εβρα'ι'κό περιβάλλον είχαν υιοθετήσει άλλους θεούς όσο και στους αδιάλλακτους Εβραίους οι οποίοι στο ίδιο περιβάλλον υποστήριζαν τον πλήρη θρησκευτικό και κοινωνικό απομονωτισμό.
..
Το 1ο από τα 3 μέρη :
σε ποιητική μορφή ασχολείται με την ενθάρρυνση του ενθουσιασμού για τη θρησκευτική πίστη και πρακτική,με έμφαση στην ανωτερότητα της πίστης έναντι της ασέβειας.
..
Το 2ο μέρος :
συνδυάζει ποίηση και πεζό λόγο και εξαίρει την Σοφία.
..
Το 3ο μέρος :
συνδυάζει επίσης ποίηση και πεζό και επιχειρεί να αποδείξει ότι η Σοφία καθοδήγησε και καθοδηγεί όλη την ισταρία.Καταδικάζει και την λατρεία των ειδώλων.
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WISDOM OF SOLOMON / ΣΟΦΙΑ ΣΟΛΟΜΩΝΤΟΣ / 1 - Septuagint Old Testament Bilingual (Greek / English)
Meister Eckhart,Henry Suso,Johannes Tauler,Margareta Ebner.Thomas a Kempis
The Meister Eckhart Site - Works by Meister Eckhart, study material, on-line resources
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesfreunde
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Suso
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tauler
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_Ebner
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mysticism
..
..
..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesfreunde
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Suso
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tauler
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_Ebner
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mysticism
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Sol Indiges
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"Ο ΠΑΤΡΩΟΣ ΗΛΙΟΣ'
Αρχα'ι'κή αγροτική θεότητα.
Πατρώοι θεοί της Ρώμης : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_indigetes
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Ρωμα'ι'κή Ηλιακή Θεότητα.
Λατρευόταν στον Κυρινάλιο Λόφο της Ρώμης ετησίως στις 9 Αυγούστου.
Είχε επίσης ένα ιερό όπου λατρευόταν με την Σεληνιακή Θεά Luna στον Μεγάλο Ιππόδρομο -Circus Maximus-.
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Η λατρεία του Θεού αυτού ήταν γηγενής στην Ρώμη.
Αργότερα ταυτίστηκε με τον Sol Invictus.
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Η λατρεία προσέλαβε εντελώς νέο χαρακτήρα,όταν αργότερα εισήχθει η ηλιακή λατρεία από την Emessa της Συρίας,του θεού El-Gabal του Θερινού Ηλιοστασίου,και του τυπικού της εαρινής ασσυριο-βαβυλωναικής εορτής Akitu.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus_(god)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akitu
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Ο Ρωμαίος αυτοκράτορας Ηλιογάβαλος,Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,(βασίλευσε 218-222 μ.Χ.) οικοδόμησε για τον εαυτό του ένα ναό ως Deus Sol Invictus -Ήλιος Αήττητος- στον Παλατίνο Λόφο.
http://en.wikipedia.org/Elagabalus
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Αργότερα ο αυτοκράτορας Αυρηλιανός (βασίλευσε 270-275 μ.Χ.) επανίδρυσε τη λατρεία του Θεού Sol με την ιδιότητα του ως προστάτη των αυτοκρατόρων και της αυτοκρατορίας και παρέμεινε ως η κύρια ΚΡΑΤΙΚΗ λατρεία.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(mythology)
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"Ο ΠΑΤΡΩΟΣ ΗΛΙΟΣ'
Αρχα'ι'κή αγροτική θεότητα.
Πατρώοι θεοί της Ρώμης : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_indigetes
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Ρωμα'ι'κή Ηλιακή Θεότητα.
Λατρευόταν στον Κυρινάλιο Λόφο της Ρώμης ετησίως στις 9 Αυγούστου.
Είχε επίσης ένα ιερό όπου λατρευόταν με την Σεληνιακή Θεά Luna στον Μεγάλο Ιππόδρομο -Circus Maximus-.
..
Η λατρεία του Θεού αυτού ήταν γηγενής στην Ρώμη.
Αργότερα ταυτίστηκε με τον Sol Invictus.
..
Η λατρεία προσέλαβε εντελώς νέο χαρακτήρα,όταν αργότερα εισήχθει η ηλιακή λατρεία από την Emessa της Συρίας,του θεού El-Gabal του Θερινού Ηλιοστασίου,και του τυπικού της εαρινής ασσυριο-βαβυλωναικής εορτής Akitu.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus_(god)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akitu
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Ο Ρωμαίος αυτοκράτορας Ηλιογάβαλος,Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,(βασίλευσε 218-222 μ.Χ.) οικοδόμησε για τον εαυτό του ένα ναό ως Deus Sol Invictus -Ήλιος Αήττητος- στον Παλατίνο Λόφο.
http://en.wikipedia.org/Elagabalus
..
Αργότερα ο αυτοκράτορας Αυρηλιανός (βασίλευσε 270-275 μ.Χ.) επανίδρυσε τη λατρεία του Θεού Sol με την ιδιότητα του ως προστάτη των αυτοκρατόρων και της αυτοκρατορίας και παρέμεινε ως η κύρια ΚΡΑΤΙΚΗ λατρεία.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(mythology)
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Η Οδός της Ιερής Δύναμης
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SHINTO ή Η Οδός του Κάμι -της Ιερής Δύναμης-.
(Σε διάκριση από την "Οδό του Βουδδιστικού Νόμου")
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Γηγενείς του 6ου μ.Χ.αιώνος θρησκευτικές πεποιθήσεις (Τσούρι-Γκόττο και Κόκα-Σίντο η επίσημη ιδεολογία) και πρακτικές (Ματσούρι) της Ιαπωνίας,οι οποίες εκφράζονται περισσότερο μέσα από τον τρόπο ζωής και σκέψης του λαού (Μινζόκου Σίντο).
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Στο επίκεντρο βρίσκονται πεποιθήσεις σχετικά με τη φύση και της ιδιότητες της Ιερής Δύναμης,η οποία ενυπάρχει σε πλήθος πολυθε'ι'στικών μορφών.
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Οι αγροτικές τελετουργίες γίνονται σε εποχική βάση με επικέντρωση σε αντικείμενα ή χώρους φορέων αυτής της Δύναμης.
Βαθμιαία,τα Κάμι ορισμένων χώρων συσχετίστηκαν με τα κατά τόπους κυρίαρχα γένη -Ούτζι- και ονομάστηκαν Ουτζιγκαμι.
Οι αρχηγοί ενός γένους της περιοχής Γιαμάτο (κοντά στην σημερινή πόλη Νάρα) αναγνωρίστηκαν ως απόγονοι της κορυφαίας Κάμι,της θεάς του Ήλιου,Αματεράσου,και χάρη στη διάκριση αυτή αποτέλεσαν τον αυτοκρατορικό οίκο της Ιαπωνίας και τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο του Ιαπωνικού Έθνους.
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