The Evolution of the Idea of Art

Για το ιδεώδες στην Τέχνη (Hippolyte Adolphe Tain)
The Evolution of the Idea of Art

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Δημοσίευση σχολίου

Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.

Ο τρελός καλόγερος απ' τη Καππαδοκία
ήρθε κάποια νύχτα στην αγρύπνια μας.
Στάχτη στα γένια στάχτη στα μαλλιά
και μια φωτίτσα ζωντανή στο κούτελο.
Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.
Θά 'ρθει καιρός και για την άγια νύστα.

Όταν πεινάσει το παιδί, χορτάσει το σκουλήκι,
όταν τα φίδια ρίξουνε φαρμάκι στα νερά,
τότες η γης θ' ανοίξει να φανερωθώ,
θα με γνωρίσεις και θα σε γνωρίσω,
στου πηγαδιού την άκρη θ' ανταμώσουμε
και θ' ανεβούμε συντροφιά την ανηφόρα.
Τότες η γης θ' ανοίξει να φανερωθώ.
θα με γνωρίσεις και θα σε γνωρίσω.
Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.

Αιώνες μακρινοί και θεοσκότεινοι,
στη ρίζα του βουνού σε κάποια πέτρα,
κρυφά μαστόρευα και φύλαγα για
σένα το ράσο, το ραβδί και το ταγάρι.

Ο τρελός καλόγερος απ' τη Καππαδοκία
ήρθε κάποια νύχτα στην αγρύπνια μας.
Στάχτη στα γένια στάχτη στα μαλλιά
και μια φωτούλα ζωντανή στο κούτελο.
Ω μη κοιμάστε, ω μη νυστάζετε.

Αρχαία Ελληνικά Πρότυπα

Τιμή σ'εκείνους όπου στη ζωή τους
όρισαν και φυλάγουν Θερμοπύλες.
..
Ποτέ από το χρέος μη κινούντες
δίκαιοι κ' ίσοι σ'όλες τους τις πράξεις,
αλλά με λύπη κιόλας κ' ευσπλαχνία.
..
Γενναίοι οσάκις είναι πλούσιοι,κι όταν
είναι πτωχοί,πάλ' εις μικρόν γενναίοι,
πάλι συντρέχοντες όσο μπορούνε.
..
Πάντοτε την αλήθεια ομιλούντες,
πλην χωρίς μίσος για τους ψευδόμενους.
..
Και περισσότερη τιμή τους πρέπει
όταν προβλέπουν
πως ο Εφιάλτης θα φανεί στο τέλος,
κ' οι Μήδοι επί τέλους θα διαβούνε.
...........
(Σημείωση : Μήδος,σύμφωνα με Λεξικό της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής Γλώσσης του κ.Ιωάννη Σταματάκου,σημαίνει : πονηρία,πανουργία,δολιότης)

Ανεβαίνοντας τον Όλυμπο

Για να γνωρίσω τους Θεούς σου
άνοιξα μόνος μου το δρόμο,
για όλο μου το δρόμο
την απόφαση μου παίρνοντας
ωσά μονάκριβο καρπό
για να δροσίζω,στις ακρότατες στιγμές
της δίψας μου,τα χείλια !
..
Όλυμπε,ανήφορε του Δία,
το χώμα σου είναι μαύρο
ζυμωμένο μ'όλα τα χινόπωρα
των καστανιών και των πλατάνων,
και το πόδι χώνεται βαθύτερα από το 'στραγάλι
για να σ' ανεβεί !
..
(Άγγελος Σικελιανός)

SEPTIMUS AEON - ΚΟΣΜΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ

``
''CARITAS GENERIS HUMANIS'' -Κικέρων-
.
-Λάϊμπνιτζ- : ''Φτάνει να γίνεται κάτι το συνεπές,και μου είναι αδιάφορο από ποιόν και που γίνεται,γιατί εύχομαι το καλό του ανθρώπινου γένους...''
.
ΕΠΙΔΙΩΞΗ,Η ΔΙΑΡΚΗΣ ΑΝΥΨΩΣΗ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΝΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ,εκφράζοντας ως εκ τούτου μία συγκεκριμένη φιλοσοφική όσο και πολιτική συνάμα τοποθέτηση του ατόμου απέναντι στο κοινωνικό σύνολο.
..
ΦΙΛΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΑ-ΦΥΣΙΟΛΑΤΡΕΙΑ-ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ
..
Εθελοντικό και Αυτοδιοικούμενο Σώμα,
με ελεύθερη εισδοχή μελών,
ανεξαρτήτου πίστης,φυλής ή κοινωνικής προέλευσης.
..
Χωρίς κερδοσκοπικές επιδιώξεις.
..
Φορέας επικοινωνίας ανάμεσα στα διαφορετκά στρώματα της κοινωνίας και των Δημοσίων Αρχών.
..
Φορέας ανάπτυξης τεχνικών και επαγγελματικών προτύπων,με στόχο την προσωπική εκπλήρωση και επιβίωση του κάθε μέλους.

Φορέας προώθησης της Συλλογικής Συνείδησης,
μέσα από την συγκριτική μελέτη της Φιλοσοφίας,
των Θρησκειών,των Επιστημών και των Τεχνών.

Φορέας προώθησης της Συμμετοχικής Δράσης των πολιτών-μελών στην Πολιτεία,με στόχο την αναγνώριση οικονομικών,
πολιτιστικών ή άλλων προνομίων,
συμβάλλοντας στον Πολιτισμό,στην Ατομική και στην
Κοινωνική Ευημερία.

Βωμούς να ορθώσουνε

..
κι είναι,μέσα στους σκυφτούς,τα παληκάρια
κι είναι,μες τους κοιμισμένους,οι στρατιώτες.
..
Με μαύρα τα μαντίλια στα κεφάλια τους,
πες τους και καλόγερους,αν θέλεις,
πες τους και φιλόσοφους..
..είν' οι ακριβοί της Φύσης..
..
Ό,τι πολεμάτε για ν' αδράξετε
μ' ενός άδειου λόγου ορμή,
το ζητάνε αυτοί με τ' άρματα στα χέρια
και δε σκύβουνε γυρτούς βωμούς να ορθώσουνε,
κι είναι σαν πατέρες των παιδιών
που ΘΑ ΠΛΑΣΟΥΝΕ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ,
ΤΟΥ ΗΛΙΟΥ ΤΑΙΡΙΑ.
..
(Όλο το ποίημα βρίσκεται στην ιστοσελίδα αυτή,στην ετικέτα ''Ποίηση'' - Κωστής Παλαμάς,'' Ο Λαός".)

Ο Οδυσσέας στους Κήπους του Αλκίνοου

'' Ειρήνη μέσα στο χάος ''

'' Δύναμη μέσα στη προσπάθεια ''

'' Κατανόηση μέσα στη πολυπλοκότητα ''

'' Συμβίωση μέσα στη διαφορετικότητα ''

Στόχος μας είναι η δημιουργία μιάς ιδεώδους κοινωνίας ή έστω μιάς περιορισμένης κοινότητας ανθρώπων,με δομές και κανόνες,που να εγγυώνται την ευτυχία όλων των μελών της.

Ο βασικός λόγος που μας οδηγεί στην οργάνωση και δημιουργία αυτής της κοινωνίας εντοπίζεται τόσο στην ανθρώπινη φύση μας όσο και στις δομές των σημερινών κοινωνιών.

Η πάντοτε ανήσυχη ανθρώπινη φύση,επιζητεί διαρκώς την υπέρβαση της.

Από την άλλη,οι δομές των σημερινών κοινωνιών και η γενικότερη φύση τους που οδηγούν στον εκμαυλισμό κυβερνούντων και κυβερνουμένων,στην έκπτωση των αξιών,την αδικία και την ανισότητα,στην παρακμή και τη σήψη,μας ωθούν στην προσπάθεια να δημιουργήσουμε μία κοινωνία,όπου όλα αυτά τα κοινωνικά πάθη να βρούν τη λύση τους ή και να αποφευχθούν εκ των προτέρων εξ ολοκλήρου και στη ρίζα τους.

Δεν δραπετεύουμε από το Υπαρκτό στο Μη-Υπαρκτό.
Βασισμένοι σε ξεκάθαρες,αγνές,λίγες αλλά ουσιώδεις και απλές στην εφαρμογή φιλοσοφικές αρχές κτίζουμε τη Πολιτεία μας.
..
(Όλο το κείμενο,Ομήρου Οδύσσεια κεφάλαιο θ 95-481 και Ι 2-11,που περιγράφουν το βασίλειο των Φαιάκων και την διατριβή του Οδυσσέα στους Κήπους του βασιλιά Αλκίνου,
μπορείτε να την διαβάσεται στην ιστοσελίδα :
http://users.otenet.gr/~aper/homer/odm8m.htm
και αξίζει τη προσπάθεια και το χρόνο σας.)

Νέος Ουμανισμός

'' Η γνώση της ανθρώπινης οντότητας ως συνείδηση και βούληση είναι το θεμέλιο κάθε ανθρώπινης γνώσης.''

Προβάλλουμε το ανθρώπινο πρόσωπο,την ανθρώπινη οντότητα,ως την κεντρική αξία,μέχρι του σημείου να θεωρούμε τη γνώση του ως προύπόθεση κάθε γνώσης.

Διδαχή της δυνατής αποκάλυψης της ανθρώπινης οντότητας μέσω της λατρείας της Δικαιοσύνης.

Εν ονόματι του προσώπου ως πνευματικού όντος αγωνιζόμαστε.

Αυτός ο Νέος Ουμανισμός βασίζεται σε κάθε πολιτισμό που προβάλλει το ανθρώπινο πρόσωπο ως ανώτερη αξία έναντι των υλικών αναγκαιοτήτων και των συλλογικών μηχανισμών που προωθούν την ανάπτυξη τους.

Προσαρμόζομαι και Προσαρμόζω

Προς το Αρμόζων.

Σε κάθε γενιά ανατίθεται ο ρόλος της διατήρησης των παλαιών και αγαπητών μορφών,
αλλά επίσης και της συνετής επέκτασης και του εμπλουτισμού τους.

Κάθε κύκλος πρέπει να προσθέσει τους δικούς του καρπούς.
Καρπούς της δικής του έρευνας και αξιολόγησης.
Αξιολογώ τα καλά,σύμφωνα με την έρευνα και τη βιωματική μου εικόνα,και τα κρατάω.
Αποβάλλω,όμως,ότι θεωρώ μη χρήσιμο ή άνευ αξίας.

Καταστρέφω τις παλιές μορφές για να δημιουργήσω νέες,
αντάξιες μου.Εκείνο που χρειάζομαι στη διαδικασία αυτή
είναι η θέληση να αλλάξω,η γνώση τι να αλλάξω και η ικανότητα της προσαρμογής.

Χρειάζεται να αποφύγω τον κίνδυνο της αποκρυστάλλωσης με την πλαστικότητα και την διεύρυνση.

Αν όλα γύρω μου εγώ τα βρίσκω αντάξια μου ή είμαι τυχερός ευδαίμων ή έχω αποκρυσταλλωθεί,έχω παγιώσει το
περιβάλλον μου.

Ο κίνδυνος βρίσκεται στον δογματισμό και στην ακαμψία.

Ισχυρίζονται ότι η παλαιά τάξη πραγμάτων μεταβάλλεται.
Πράγματι μεταβάλλεται.Προς ποιά κατεύθυνση όμως ;
Μεταβάλλεται ως προς την ποσότητα,όχι ως προς την ποιότητα.
Είναι μία αλλαγή διάστασης και μορφής,και όχι ουσίας ή
βάσεως.

Αφαιρώντας τις προσθήκες του παρελθόντος που συσκοτίζουν και κηλιδώνουν,έχω την δυνατότητα να κτίσω
σε φωτεινές και ακηλίδωτες βάσεις.

Γιατί κοινωνία και όχι άτομα

Η νέα μαθητεία είναι πρωταρχικά ένα πείραμα ομαδικής εργασίας και το κύριο αντικείμενο της δεν είναι η τελειοποίηση ενός μεμονωμένου μαθητή.

Τα άτομα προορίζονται για να αλληλοσυμπληρώνονται και να αποτελούν απαραίτητα στοιχεία το ένα του άλλου.

Στο σύνολο των ιδιοτήτων τους όλα αυτά τα άτομα,
θα παρουσιάζουν μία αδιαίρετη ενότητα,
θα είναι ενιαία μονάδα,
μία πνευματική κοινωνία ικανή και χρήσιμη,
μία κοινωνία μέσω της οποίας η πνευματική ενέργεια να μπορεί να μεταβιβάζεται σε όλους τους ανθρώπους.

Οι σφαίρες υπηρεσίας των μεμονωμένων μαθητών παραμένουν οι ίδιες όπως και πρώτα,αλλά στα διάφορα πεδία της ατομικής προσπάθειας τους προστίθεται μία ομαδική δραστηριότητα και ζωή που γίνεται κατανοητώτερη καθώς υλοποιείται.

Πρώτο αναγκαίο ζητούμενο είναι συνεπώς,
να συνδεθούμε και να ενοποιηθούμε σαν μία μονάδα,
ώστε κάθε πρόσωπο σ'αυτή να μπορεί να εργαστεί σε στενή νοητική επικοινωνία και πνευματική συνεργασία με τ'άλλα.

Αυτό απαιτεί οπωσδήποτε χρόνο,προσπάθεια,θέληση,
γνώση και καλή διάθεση.
Όλοι είμαστε ίσοι,αλλά ο καθένας διαφορετικός.
Η διαφορετικότητα μας είναι που δίνει την αρμονία στο σύνολο.

Γρήγορα αποτελέσματα και θεαματικές ανελίξεις
δεν είναι στις υποσχέσεις μου.
Η έφεση,η υπομονή,η καλή διάθεση,η πειθαρχία,
η φιλία,η αποδοχή της διαφορετικότητας μας,
είναι οι καλοί μας σύμβουλοι.
Η δειλία,η αναβλητικότητα,η έλλειψη ειλικρίνειας,
ο υπέρμετρος εγω'ι'σμός,η ματαιοδοξία,η υποκρισία,η μωροπιστία,η προπαίτεια,η αλαζονεία,το θράσσος, η υποτίμηση,οι επικρίσεις,η βιασύνη,
είναι εμπόδια στη πρόοοδο μας.

Υποτάσσοντας τις ιδέες της προσωπικής μου ανάπτυξης,
στις ανάγκες της ομάδας,επιταχύνω την πρόοδο της ομάδας,
συγχρόνως όμως της δικής μου.
'' Τράβα με να σε τραβώ ν'ανεβούμε στο βουνό ''

Είναι καλό να θυμηθούμε ότι,κατά γενικό κανόνα,
κανείς δεν πείθεται σ'εκείνο που του λένε οι άλλοι,
-άσχετα πόσο φανερή είναι η αλήθεια-.

Μόνο οι αλήθειες εκείνες που δοκιμάζονται μέσα στο καμίνι της δικής μας,της ατομικής μας εμπειρίας,αφομοιώνονται πραγματικά στη συνείδηση μας και δίνουν καρπούς.

Πώς όμως θα βιώσεις κάτι,αν δεν στο δείξει κάποιος και το δοκιμάσεις ;

Virtues

6 core virtues. Under these virtues they listed 24 character strengths associated with each one. The character strengths were the avenues to living and attaining that virtue. Let’s take a look at the list:

1. Wisdom and knowledge-cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge

Creativity
Curiosity
Open-mindedness
Love of learning
Perspective

2. Courage-emotional strengths that involve the exercise of will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external or internal

Bravery
Persistence
Integrity
Vitality

3. Humanity-interpersonal strengths that involve tending and befriending others

Love
Kindness
Social Intelligence

4. Justice-civic strengths that underlie healthy community life

Citizenship
Fairness
Leadership

5. Temperance-strengths that protect against excess

Forgiveness and mercy
Humility/modesty
Prudence
Self-regulation (self-control)

6. Transcendence-strengths that forge connections to other people and the larger universe and provide meaning

Appreciation of beauty and excellence (awe, wonder, elevation)
Gratitude
Hope
Humor
Spirituality

Before you proceed further, take 20 minutes to take the VIA Survey of Character Strengths, available free atauthentichappiness.org under the heading “Engagement Questionnaires.”

Did you take the test? Good. Now look over the list of strengths given in your results.

No test is perfect, and the taker can bias the results by choosing answers that don’t describe themselves as much as they describe the person they wish they were. So you want to double-check that the strengths listed are the real you. Seligman and Peterson recommend that you evaluate the authenticity of each strength with this criteria:

A sense of ownership and authenticity (“This is the real me”).
A feeling of excitement while displaying the strength, especially at first.
A rapid learning curve as the strength is first practiced.
A continuous learning of new ways to enact the strength.
A sense of yearning to find ways to use it.
A feeling of inevitability in using the strength, as if one cannot be stopped or dissuaded from its display.
Joy, zest, enthusiasm, even ecstasy while using it.
Invigoration rather than exhaustion when using the strength.
The creation and pursuit of personal projects that revolve around the strength.
Intrinsic motivation to use the strength.

Stella Maris

A series of articles on Roman Catholic Mariology
General articles Overview of Mariology • Veneration of the Blessed Virgin • History of Mariology
Expressions of devotion Art • Music • Architecture
Specific articles Apparitions • Saints • Popes •Dogmas and Doctrines •Movements & Societies

PRE-CHRISTIAN MYSTICS AND INFLUENCES ON MYSTICISM

Pythagoras (c.580/570-c.500 B.C.E.): A Presocratic philosopher. Founder of a major school of philosophy/religion that emphasized the mystical interconnections in numbers, nature, and the human soul. The natural and the ethical world were inseparable.

Parmenides (c.515-c.450 B.C.E.): On Nature, extant in fragments. Another of the Presocratics. Extends Pythagoras by insisting that all that exists is unchanging and unified. Therefore, if something is changing, it is illusory. This paves the way for the two-world view important for much mysticism. Influences: Pythagoras.

Plato (428-348 B.C.E.): Sophist, Republic, Parmenides, many others. Most important of ancient philosophers. His philosophical system provides the basis of most later mystical forms.Influences: Pythagoras, Parmenides.

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.): Metaphysics, De Anima, Nicomachean Ethics. While Aristotle himself is not really considered to be a mystic, he is an important influence on later mystics, especially when combined with Plato by Plotinus, and also when Christianized in the high Middle Ages.

Philo (c.20 B.C.E.-c.41 C.E.): The Contemplative Life. An Alexandrian Jew who drew fromPlatonist tradition, Stoicism, and neo-Pythagoreanism to create a fusion of the active or virtuous life and the contemplative life.

Plotinus (c.205-270 C.E.): Enneads. The non-Christian, neo-Platonic basis for much Christian, Jewish, and Islamic mysticism. Influences: Plato, Aristotle.

Porphyry (c.232-304 C.E.): Isagoge. Compiled Plotinus' Enneads, and wrote a life of Plotinus. He was strongly anti-Christian, yet he became important in the history of Christian mysticism.

Proclus or Proclusthe Lycian (412-485 C.E.): The Elements of Theology. Athenian Neo-platonist, who influenced Pseudo-Dionysius, and beyond him most of the mystical tradition. While respecting Plotinus, Proclus also amended his philosophical structure.

CHRISTIAN MYSTICS AND MOVEMENTS

(1) Early Church

Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35-c.107): Christocentric mystic. For him Christ's death and resurrectiontake on mystical significance.

St. Polycarp (c.69-c.155): Had a mystical vision which foretold his martyrdom by fire.

Justin Martyr (c.105-c.165): First Apology. Used Greek philosophy as the stepping-stone to Christian theology. The mystical conclusions that some Greeks arrived at, pointed to Christ.Influences: Pythagoras, Plato, Plotinus, Aristotle, Stoicism.

Irenaeus (c.125-c.202): Revolution and Overthrow of False Knowledge (or Against Heresies). Irenaeus' work was directed against Gnosticism. He emphasized John's gospel, particularly theLogos, which became the voice of God that revealed itself to all people.

Tertullian (c.155-c.222): To Martyrs, Apology, Against the Valentinians, Against Marcion, On the Soul. Emphasized a faith that was a contradiction to reason. "I believe because it is absurd." First to use trinitarian (three-in-one) formulation for God.

Origen (c.185-254): On Principles, Against Celsus. Studied under Clement of Alexandria, and probably also Ammonius Saccus (Plotinus' teacher). He Christianized and theologized neo-Platonism. Each soul has individually fallen (emanation), and must find its way back to God (return) through the help of the Logos, Christ. Origen looks quite Gnostic at times.

St. Antony (c.251-356): The Letters of St. Antony the Great. Early hermit or solitary monk, and a model for later monasticism, particularly of his eremetical type.

St. Athanasius (c.296-373): Against the Gentiles, Apology Against the Arians. Bishop of Alexandria (328-73), wrote a Life of Antony, and was an influence on later Eastern Orthodox mysticism.

Gregory of Nazianzus (329-389): Forty-five Sermons. One of the Cappadocians, early church fathers.

Basil the Great (c.330-379): Longer Rules, Liturgy of St. Basil. One of the Cappadocians, early church fathers. He gave a mystical orientation to the monastic movement.

Gregory of Nyssa (c.335-c.398): Dialogue with his Sister Macrina concerning the Resurrection. Believed that the universe existed as a harmonious order emanating from God. One of theCappadocians.

Augustine (354-430): De Trinitate, Confessions. Important source for much mediaeval mysticism. Brings Platonism and Christianity together. He emphasizes the soul's search for God, made possible by the illumination of the mind of God. Influences: Plato, Plotinus.

(2) Mediaeval (Catholic and Orthodox) Church

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (writing c.500): The Celestial Hierarchy, the Mystical Theology, and The Divine Names. Originates the distinction between kataphatic and apophatictheology. Influences: Plotinus.

John Scotus Eriugena (c.810-c.877): Periphyseon. Eriugena translated Pseudo-Dionysius from Greek into Latin. He holds that humans are a microcosm of the universe. That which is shared, the essence of all things, is God. Influences: Plotinus, Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius.

Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153): Sermons, De diligendo Deo, On the Love of God. Cistercian mystic. Promoted a mystical vision of rhapsodic love, in which the Church is described in erotic terms as the bride of Christ. His love-mysticism had the tendency to be anti-intellectual, as in his disputes with Abelard.

William of St.-Thierry (c.1085-1148): Golden Letter, On the Contemplation of God, On the Nature and Dignity of Love. A Cistercian contemporary of Bernard's, William also emphasized love-mysticism, but with subtle differences from Bernard in his use of Augustine.

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179): Scivias, The Book of Divine Works, Letters. Early German speculative mystic, reminiscent of Isaiah or Ezekiel at times. She was greatly respected in her time, both for her writings as well as for her music and art. Influences: Augustine, Bernard of Clairvaux.

Victorines: Hugh of St. Victor (c.1096-c.1142), Richard of St. Victor (d. 1173): On Sacraments. Hugh is the more important of the two. He argues for a close tie between reason and mysticism.

Francis of Assisi (John Bernardone) (1182-1226): Canticle of the Sun. Founder of the Franciscan order, which emphasized self-renunciation and poverty. Francis approaches nature mysticism at times, particularly when he sees God in all living things.

Albertus Magnus (1206-1280): The teacher of Thomas Aquinas. In the tradition of Pythagoras, emphasized the essential unity of science and mysticism. Influences: Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius.

Beatrice of Nazareth (1200-1268): The Seven modes of Sacred Love. Belgian Cistercian mystic. Associated with the Beguines. Influences: Augustine.

Mechthild of Magdeburg (1207-1282): The Flowing Light of the Godhead. Strongly feminine images in mysticism. Devotional mystic. Associated with the Beguines. Influences: Bernard of Clairvaux, Hildegard, Gregory the Great.

Bonaventure (John Fidanza) (1217-1274): The Mind's Road to God, The Tree of Life, The Life of St. Francis. Franciscan monk, and the architect of the philosophical, theological, and mystical side of Francis' thought. Mysticism in the Augustinian tradition. Influences: Augustine, St. Francis of Assisi, Victorines.

St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1275): Summa Theologica, De Anima, many others. Dominican monk and the greatest Catholic theologian and philosopher. Late in life, he had a mystical experience which caused him to question his scholastic past. Influences: Aristotle, Augustine,Pseudo-Dionysius, Eriugena.

Ramon Llull (c.1235-1315): Great Art, The Book of the Lover and the Beloved. Franciscan. Legend has it that Llull wrote 200 works, was an alchemist and a magician. He also worked on the logic of science. The "Great Art" is the scientific and mystical calculation of the interrelations of all things. Influences: Bonaventure.

Angela of Foligno (c.1248-1309): The Book of Divine Consolations of the Blessed Angela of Foligno. Mysticism is based on the facts of Christ's life and death. Influences: Francis of Assisi, Bonaventure.

Marguerite Porete (d. 1310): The Mirror of Simple Souls.

Meister Eckhart (1260-1327/8): Sermons, Parisian Questions and Prologues. [Some English-language selections from his writings are available.] Dominican monk. One of the most important early German speculative mystics. Eckhart is the first of the so-called "Rhineland" mystics. The Sermons were in German, the academic works in Latin. Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius.

Hadewijch (Adelwip) of Brabant/Antwerp (13th century): Letters, Poems in Stanzas, Visions,Poems in Couplets. Belgian Beguine. One of the greatest exponents of love mysticism.Influences: Plato, Plotinus, Pseudo-Dionysius, Gregory of Nyssa, Richard of St. Victor.

Jan van Ruysbroeck (1293-1381): The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage (Spiritual Espousals),The Sparkling Stone, The Book of Supreme Truth. Flemish mystic, sometimes considered one of the Rhineland mystics. Outlines the stages of the mystical life. Influences: Eckhart, Hadewijch.

Henry Suso (1295-1366): The Little Book of Truth, The Little Book of Wisdom (Horologium Sapientiae). A Rhineland mystic. Influences: Eckhart.

Gregory Palamas (1296-1359): Eastern Orthodox mystic. Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius, Athanasius.

Johannes Tauler (1300-1361): Sermons. Rhineland mystic and Dominican. Tauler emphasized the inner person rather than outer works, and because of this became popular in Protestant circles in the Reformation, and later Pietism and Romanticism. He was part of the same community that produced the Theologia Germanica. Influences: Eckhart, Mechthild of Magdeburg.

Anonymous (c.1350-1400): Theologia Germanica or Theologia Deutsch. Important influence in the German mystical tradition. Luther rediscovered and popularized it. Influences: Augustine, Eckhart, Tauler.

Richard Rolle (1300-1349): The Fire of Love. Part of the "English school" of late mediaeval mysticism. Emphasizes the "physicality" of the mystical experience (feeling heat, seeing colours, etc.).

Birgitta (Brigida) Suecica of Sweden (1302-1373): Ascetic mystic. Heavily involved in political activity. Influences: St. Francis of Assisi.

Anonymous (c.1349-c.1395): The Cloud of Unknowing, [as modernized, see also early text] The Book of Privy Council. Part of the "English school" of late mediaeval mysticism. The emphasis on "unknowing" God is part of Pseudo-Dionysius' apophatic theology. Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius.

Walter Hilton (d. 1395): The Scale (Ladder) of Perfection, Epistle to a Devout Man. AnAugustinian monk, Hilton was an English mystic.

Julian of Norwich (1342-1413?): Showings or Revelations of Divine Love. Julian was part of the "English school" of late mediaeval mysticism. Mystical experience that came at the point of death. The experience came with healing, and she devoted her life to understanding her vision.Influences: Pseudo-Dionysius, Aquinas (?).

Margery Kempe (c.1413): Mainly known as the biographer of Julian of Norwich.

Catherine of Siena (1347-1380): Il Dialogo. Italian. Mystic; advisor to Pope Gregory XI.Influences: Augustine.

Thomas à Kempis (c.1380-1471): The Imitation of Christ. Augustinian monk. Finest expression of devotio moderna, modern spirituality, which downplays the Rhineland mystics' concern with contemplation and speculative theology, and stresses the practice of simple piety and asceticism. Influences: Eckhart.

Nicolaus of Cusa (Cusanus, Nikolaus Krebs) (1401-1464): The Vision of God (1453), De Docta Ignorantia. German mystic. Part of the revival of Platonism in the Renaissance. Cusanus was a speculative mystic who emphasized the incomprehensibility and paradoxicality of God.Influences: Plotinus, Pseudo-Dionysius, Eckhart.

St. Catherine of Genoa (1447-1510): Life and Doctrines, Treatise on Purgatory. Mysticism spurred in part by the abuse and neglect by her husband. Her trauma becomes mystical as she argues that purgatory is a stage on the mystical path, the final purification of the effects of self-love.

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582): Life, by Herself; The Way of Perfection; The Interior Castle. Spanish Carmelite nun. Formed the Discalced (Barefoot) Carmelites, with St. John of the Cross. Is very important for describing the stages of the mystical journey. Influences: Augustine.

St. John of the Cross (Juan de Yepes) (1542-1591): Dark Night of the Soul and Ascent of Mt. Carmel. Spanish mystic. (Discalced Carmelite) Both John and Teresa emphasize mysticism as union with God, attainable only in the denial of the self. Influences: Teresa of Avila.

Giordano Bruno (1548-1600): Hermetic philosopher, one of the most important philosophers of the Renaissance. Bruno advocated a kind of nature mysticism which had a strong scientific component to it.

St. Francois de Sales (1567-1622): The Introduction to the Devout Life (Philothea), Treatise on the Love of God. French mystic. Devout Life is a classic of French spirituality.

Louis Claude de Saint Martin (1743-1803): Theosophic Correspondence. While technically Catholic, St. Martin's mysticism follows much closer in the tradition of Boehme and other nature mystics. Influences: Boehme, Swedenborg, Weigel, Law.

(3) Non-Catholic Christian Mystics (16th-18th century)

Martin Luther (1483-1546): While Luther had a well-known antipathy to mystics, it is also true that there is the foundation of mystical life in his theology of the heart, particularly in his early thought. Influences: Augustine, Theologica Germanica.

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535): De Occulta Philosophia (1533). It is not clear whether to call Agrippa Catholic or not. He did not embrace the Reformation, yet many of his themes are much closer to Weigel and Boehme than to any Catholic mystic. His was a speculative mysticism, as much interested in magic and alchemy as in spiritual life.

Paracelsus (Phillipus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) (1493-1541): Another speculative mystic more interested in medical alchemy, astronomy, and natural philosophy.

Valentin Weigel (1533-1588): Know Thyself (1572). Weigel begins in the tradition of Rhineland mysticism, and moves to the speculative nature mysticism of Paracelsus. Influences: Eckhart, Tauler, Theologica Germanica, Paracelsus.

Jacob Boehme (1575-1624): Aurora (1612) [in German], Mysterium Pansophicum (1620),Signature Rerum (1622), Mysterium Magnum (1623). Lusatian Lutheran. A major figure in German mysticism. Influences: Eckhart, the Jewish Kabbalah, Valentin Weigel, Renaissance alchemy, Paracelsus.

Christian Knorr von Rosenroth (1636-1689): Kabbala Denudata: The Kabbalah Uncovered. AChristian Kabbalist. Influenced by the Kabbalah, Jacob Boehme.

Angelus Silesius (Johannes Scheffler 1624-1677): The Cherubic Wanderer [Hungarian version] (1657-on). Mysticism in epigrammatic couplets.

George Fox (1624-1691): Founder of the Quakers. Influences: Boehme.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716): Monadology. Usually thought of as a rationalist philosopher rather than a mystic. However, while it may be too much to call him a mystic, it is certainly possible to see the affinities between his thought and that of Cusanus, Weigel, Boehme, and other nature mystics. His most important contribution is to blend inner life with rationality; most Pietists (and most scientists) assumed them to be mutually exclusive.

William Law (1686-1761): The Spirit of Love (1752-1754). English mystic. Law is most famous for his devotional works (like A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life), but later in his life he became interested in Jacob Boehme, and wrote several mystical treatises.

Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772): Many works, including Arcana Coelestia, Heaven and Hell,The Heavenly City, Divine Love and Wisdom, etc. Swedenborg worked out a detailed understanding of nature mysticism, applying it to everything from the animal world to the spiritual world. He is one of the few mystics to have an active following to the present.

Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (1702-1782): Nature mystic, Pietist. Influences: Boehme, Weigel, Swedenborg.

Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803): Another person who is often not counted as a mystic, but who followed Leibnitz in attempting to blend science and mysticism into a kind of vitalism.Influences: Cusanus, Boehme, Leibnitz.

NOTE: After the 18th century, the influence of mysticism explodes in the Romanticism of Germany, England, and America. True mystics, however, remain few.

JEWISH MYSTICS AND MYSTICISM

Kabbalah [See also links maintained by Colin Low.]

Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (1240-1291): One of the founders of the Spanish Kabbalah.

Moses ben Shem Tob de Leon (1250-1305): Zohar (The Book of Splendor). The most important writer of the most important Kabbalist document.

Moses Cordovero (1522-1570): Pardes Rimmonim, Elimah Rabbati, Palmtree of Deborah. Spanish Kabbalist. Cordovero laid the groundwork for the Kabbalist ethical literature that proliferated in the 16th-18th centuries.

Isaac Luria (1534-1572): Founder of the Lurianic Kabbalah, which is the modern version. Mostmodern Kabbalists follow Luria's version.

Hasidism

Israel ben Eliezer, Ba'al Shem Tov (Besht) (1700-1760): Founder of the Hasidim, the sect appearing during the final stages of the Kabbalah's development.

Rabbi Nachman of Breslov in the Ukraine (1772-1810): Martin Buber, the author of I and Thou(Ich und Du), calls him the last Jewish mystic.

ISLAMIC MYSTICS AND MYSTICISM

Sufism has sources in sacred texts, the remembrance of Allah, and respect for those who exemplify the straight path of Islam through and beyond explicit injunctions of the law.

Hasan of Basra (d. 728): Early advocate of ascetic piety. Hasan emphasized the Koran or Qur'anas the standard of right and wrong, which in turn emphasized the fear of God.

al Hallaj (d. 922): The Ta wa-sin Tried and executed for claiming that God had come to dwell in him.

al Farabi (ca. 873-950): Important philosopher as well as a mystic. Influences: Plotinus.

al Ghazali (d. 1111): First-rate Aristotelean philosopher, who extended Aristotle's theory of perception to argue for a kind of mystical perception that goes beyond reason. Influences: Aristotle.

ADDENDUM: TERMS, TRENDS, AND MOVEMENTS WORTH KNOWING ABOUT

Alchemy: Alchemy, as often as not, assumes a Hermetic world view. Most people know alchemy as the search for the principle of transmutation of baser metals into higher (e.g., lead into gold). It is really broader, and represents the attempt to understand the connections in the world. Paracelsus practiced a medical alchemy, in which the body was a collection of balancing principles, and illness meant that the balance was off. If you take away the spiritual assumptions behind the alchemical forces, you have something remarkably close to Newtonian physics.

Beghards: male counterparts to the Beguines. Fewer, and less of an issue for the church at the time.

Beguines: group of female contemplatives, some of whom were mystics. They were condemned as heretics because they represented a challenge to the church's authority. Many important female mystics were associated with the Beguines, although the group was not necessarily mystical (some thought that mystical visions got in the way of practical life).

Gnosticism: Derived from Greek gnosis, knowledge. The Gnostic is one who claims esoteric knowledge about God and the metaphysical structure of the universe. There is a strong distinction between spirit and matter, God and the world. This position sometimes resulted in asceticism (the spirit must be liberated from the bonds of the flesh), and sometimes antinomianism (the material world is inconsequential, so there is no point in resisting carnal impulses). Some later mysticism (e.g. quietism) has the world-denying aspects of gnosticism.

Hermeticism: Followers of the legendary figure Hermes Trismegistus, or thrice-great Hermes, reputed to be an Egyptian writer. Much nature mysticism of the Renaissance found hermetic thought useful, because both understood the world to be intrinsically interconnected, and only understandable once those connections were understood. Hermes mixed with Pseudo-Dionysius was common fare in Renaissance Italy, until Isaac Casaubon showed that Hermes was not who he said he was.

Kabbalah: Jewish mysticism that has its roots earlier than Christianity, but which flourishes in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The Kabbalah struggles with the problem of how the human person can relate to a God who is totally other, and how that God relates to creation.

Monasticism: Although the tendency to live apart for spiritual devotion has a long history, it is closely tied to mysticism in the Middle Ages. The disciplines associated with mysticism have their most rigorous application there. The most famous orders are the Franciscans (St. Francis of Assisi, Bonaventure), the Dominicans (Thomas Aquinas, Meister Eckhart), the Carmelites(Teresa of Avila, St. John of the Cross), the Benedictines (St. Benedict), and the Jesuits (St. Ignatius of Loyola). The orders exist to this day, and continue to be places that encourage mysticism and contemplation (Thomas Merton was a Trappist monk, for instance).

Rhineland Mysticism: The Rhineland mystics were German mystics that follow the influence of Meister Eckhart. They tend to emphasize the search for the inner ground of the soul.

Sufism: The mystical bent in Islam is supported by passages from the Koran (or Qur'an) and is represented by the Sufis. Because there is a dominant emphasis on prophetic activism and legalism in Islam, Muslim tradition may be misunderstood as entirely inhospitable to mysticism. But the Sufi way, mainly transmitted through "lay orders" that trace their origin to some influential spiritual teacher, preserve a distinctively Islamic mysticism. Among these Sufi subtraditions are the Naqshbandi and the Nimatullahi, but there are several others. A few modern organizations (such as the International Sufi Movement led by Hidayat Inayat Khan) claim descent from traditional Sufis but do not require their followers to be Muslims. And recently the great Sufi poetJalaluddin Rumi has been rediscovered as a source of inspiration by poets Robert Bly andColeman Barks. However, most practicing Sufis affirm that they are Muslims.

IMPORTANT SECONDARY SOURCES

The secondary sources in mysticism are quite varied. Sometimes whole works are devoted to the subject; sometimes chapters of quite unexpected works will be on mysticism. More general reflections on mysticism can be found as introductions or appendices to works on particular mystics or chapters in philosophies or psychologies of religion. And, many works on mysticism that seem to be reflections on the nature of mysticism turn out to be anthologies of writings of various mystics. Compounding the problem is the fact that the word "mysticism" has been used for all sorts of experiences, philosophical positions, personality types, writings, or whatever. Where to go?

Well, here are my favorites. Of course, this is highly selective, not to mention somewhat idiosyncratic. I will start with the good general bibliographies first -- consulting these will lead you to other things. You will have to find bibliographies for individual mystics yourself (come see me on this; I might be able to help). In the "General Secondary Sources" section, I have not included several fine works that reflect on mysticism in general from the point of view of a particular mystic (except for von Huegel's work, that is). Most of these you can find by looking for the particular mystic.

(1) Bibliographies

Bowman, Mary Ann. Western mysticism: A guide to the basic works. Chicago: American Library Association, 1978. ~~ A very good work, to 1978. It is well organized, and has a good index. It is better than Sharma & Arndt, although both are quite old.

CD-ROM Indices -- Modern Languages Association (MLA) Index, Philosopher's Index, PsychLit Index, Religion Index. ~~ All of these will produce more references than you can use, if you look either under "mysticism" or under a particular mystic's name, or under the name of a movement (e.g. "Beguine"). These indices have the virtue of also giving you abstracts. . . .

Jones, C., Wainwright, G., Yarnold, E., eds. The study of spirituality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. ~~ Each entry comes with a short bibliography. This is a good place to start if you want information on a particular individual.

McGinn, Bernard. The foundations of mysticism. New York: Crossroad Press, 1991. ~~ McGinn has a great bibliography in the back of this book. More on McGinn later.

Sharma, Umesh and Arndt, John. Mysticism: A select bibliography. Waterloo, Ont.: Waterloo Lutheran University, 1973. ~~ This bibliography goes well beyond Western mysticism. At over 1500 entries, it is quite good (although of course, still selective, given the immense amount of material they could have included). There are only two real drawbacks: it is hard to find . . . , and it is over 20 years old (a lot has happened in theory of mysticism since 1973). While the entries are not organized under headings, there is an index at the back. A good resource.

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism, 12th edition. New York: Meridian Books, 1955. ~~ Underhill lists texts, translations, and studies for many different mystics, quite a number not included in my list.

(2) Biographies

Encyclopedia of philosophy, Macmillan and Free Press, 1967. ~~ It will not have all the mystics listed above, but only those that are clearly philosophically significant. However, what it does have is well done.

Ferguson, John. An illustrated encyclopedia of mysticism and the mystery religions. New York: Seabury Press, 1977. ~~ Although sometimes a bit sloppy about its characterizations (I think it buys into the hype a bit too much), this is a good quick reference for people, movements, and ideas.

Jones, C., Wainwright, G., Yarnold, E., eds. The study of spirituality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. ~~ A good resource on the history of spirituality, with dozens of entries by major writers on important people, movements, and concepts.

Reese, W. L., Dictionary of philosophy and religion. Humanities Press, 1980. ~~ Very brief entries on virtually all the people mentioned here.

(3) General Secondary Sources

Almond, Philip. Mystical experience and religious doctrine: An investigation of the study of mysticism in world religions. Berlin and New York: Mouton, 1982. ~~ Almond focusses on the interpretation of mystical experience, and does a good critique of different thinkers.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. Jesus as mother. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. ~~ A classic on mysticism and women in the High Middle Ages.

Carmody, Denise L. & John T. Carmody. Mysticism: Holiness east and west. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ~~ A breezy overview of mysticism around the world. As with most works of this sort, the further the term mysticism is extended, the harder it is to maintain the commonalities. Still, not a bad introduction.

Certeau, Michel de. The mystic fable. Volume 1: The 16th and 17th Centuries. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1992. ~~ de Certeau is chiefly known for his work in post-modern and post-colonial circles, mainly on embodiment. This is one of his final works, and is an excellent rethinking of early modern mysticism as the "attempt to represent the unrepresentable."

Ellwood, Robert. Mysticism and religion. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1980. ~~ Long used as a basic introduction to mysticism in religion departments. Also available in a slightly revised second edition ~ New York: Seven Bridges Press, 1998.

Evans, Donald. Spirituality and human nature. Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 1992. ~~ A philosopher/mystic teaching at the University of Toronto gives a defense of the rationality and respectability of mystical experience.

Forman, Robert K. C., ed. The problem of pure consciousness: Mysticism and philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. ~~ A good compilation of essays on the debate betweenperennialists and constructivists, as Forman calls them, or those who regard mystical experience as pure, and those that argue that it is mediated through language, tradition, culture, religion, and other factors.

Happold, F. C. Mysticism: A study and an anthology. London, England: Penguin, 1963. ~~ One of the first attempts to place mysticism in the modern world.

Horne, James. Beyond mysticism (1978). The moral mystic (1983). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ~~ Both these books deserve more attention than they receive. Horne identifies and tackles several issues in philosophy and mysticism.

Huegel, F. von. The mystical element of religion. 2 vols., London: Dent, 1908; New York: Dutton, 1923. ~~ The grand-daddy of modern scholarship on mysticism. Working from the writings of Catherine of Genoa, Huegel concludes that the mystical or experiential element is an essential component of true religion.

Idel, Moshe. Kabbalah: New perspectives. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988. ~~ The best recent discussion of the Kabbalah.

Idel, Moshe & Bernard McGinn, eds. Mystical union and monotheistic faith: An ecumenical dialogue. New York: MacMillan, 1989. ~~ An investigation of the unio mystica in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. ~ Reprinted as Mystical Union in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam : An Ecumenical Dialogue. New York: Continuum, 1996.

James, William. The varieties of religious experience. New York: Mentor Books, 1958. ~~ One of the first Gifford Lectures ever given (1901-1902), James' book has a long section in which he gives examples of mystical experience and outlines a rudimentary phenomenology of mysticism. This is the starting point for many later writers. His (1897) essay "The will to believe" raises questions that complement rather than contribute directly to the study of mysticism.

Jones, Richard. Mysticism examined. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1993. ~~ A collection of Jones' essays from the previous 15 years, he takes an analytic philosophical approach to the questions of mysticism.

Katz, Steven, ed. Mysticism and philosophical analysis (1978). London and New York: Oxford University Press.
___________, ed. Mysticism and religious traditions (1983). London and New York: Oxford University Press.
___________, ed. Mysticism and language (1992). London and New York: Oxford University Press.
All these volumes have important essays in them, not the least of which is Katz' own "Language, Epistemology, and Mysticism" in the first book. That essay set the stage for a debate over the nature of mystical experience that continues today.

Louth, Andrew. The origins of the Christian mystical tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. ~~ Just about anything Louth writes is worth reading (he also did a very good introduction to Pseudo-Dionysius, called Denis the Areopagite, and several essays on patristic-age mystics); this was the best on this topic before McGinn's work.

McGinn, Bernard. The foundations of mysticism. New York: Crossroad Press, 1991. ~~ The first of a promised 4-volume series on the history and theory of mysticism, this is a spectacular beginning. It is wide-ranging, sympathetic to mysticism without being blind to its problems, very well researched, and easy to read. Besides that, it gives intelligent critiques of many other recent writers on mysticism. It is already orders of magnitude better than anything else out there. (Do I sound enthusiastic?). Volume II, The growth of mysticism, continues the strong tradition of scholarship. It covers the period from Gregory the Great to the 12th century.

Otto, Rudolf. The idea of the holy. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. ~~ As the subtitle says, "an inquiry into the non-rational factor in the idea of the divine and its relation to the rational." Technically not mysticism, but Otto (1869-1937) has major implications for mysticism. His later book, Mysticism east and west, which may from the title seem more relevant to a discussion of mysticism, is a seriously flawed attempt to compare Meister Eckhart and Acharya Sankara.

Scholem, Gershom. Major trends in Jewish mysticism. New York: Schocken Books, 1961. (First published in 1941.) ~~ Scholem is the most famous modern interpreter of Jewish mysticism. This provides a good, if somewhat breezy overview.

Scholem, Gershom. Kabbalah. New York: Dorset Books, 1974. ~~ Much more indepth on this important type of Jewish mysticism, although Idel's book is more scholarly.

Staal, Frits. Exploring mysticism. London, England: Penguin, 1975. ~~ Staal argues that mystical experience can be studied in the same way that we would study any other object of scientific investigation, as long as there is some way of inducing actual mystical states in the researcher.

Stace, W. T. Mysticism and philosophy. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott, 1960. ~~ Stace makes some classic distinctions here that have become part of the language of theory of mysticism.

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism, 12th edition. New York: Meridian Books, 1955. ~~ First published in 1910, Underhill tries to consider mysticism from both the outside and the inside. This is an old classic, and worth consulting, even though later works fulfill this project better.

Underhill, Evelyn. Practical mysticism. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1915. ~~ Despite the odd title, this is a good introduction to the life and practice of mysticism. Underhill intends this as a kind of primer to the mystical life.

Weeks, Andrew. German mysticism. Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 1993. ~~ After work on Jacob Boehme, Weeks provides solid treatment of mysticism through about 800 years of German history. Weeks is an historian, and as such contextualizes mysticism in the political, social, and intellectual worlds very well.

Woods, Richard, ed. Understanding mysticism. New York: Image Books, 1980. ~~ A very good collection of essays on mysticism, from a variety of points of view and disciplinary commitments.

Zaehner, R. C. Mysticism: Sacred and profane. London: Oxford, 1961. ~~ Zaehner argues for a difference between theistic and monistic (nature) mysticism, the latter of which is induced by (among other things) drugs.

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Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche

Works	Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks · The Birth of Tragedy · On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense · Untimely Meditations · Hymnus an das Leben · Human, All Too Human ·The Dawn · The Gay Science · Thus Spoke Zarathustra · Beyond Good and Evil · On the Genealogy of Morality · The Case of Wagner · Twilight of the Idols · The Antichrist ·Ecce Homo · Nietzsche contra Wagner · The Will to Power (posthumous)

Concepts	Amor fati · Apollonian and Dionysian · Eternal return · Free will · God is dead · Herd instinct · Last man · Master-slave morality · Nietzschean affirmation · Perspectivism · Ressentiment ·Transvaluation of values · Tschandala · Übermensch · World riddle · Will to power

Related	Works about Nietzsche · Comparison with Kierkegaard · Influence and reception of Nietzsche · Anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche · Nietzsche-Archiv · Nietzsche Music Project ·Relationship with Max Stirner · My Sister and I

Liberal Hawk

The term liberal hawk refers to an individual generally described as politically liberal who supports a hawkish foreign policy, as opposed to a foreign policy of not using force to intervene with conflicts around the world. Past U.S. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman,John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson have been described as liberal hawks for their roles in bringing about America's status as the world's premier military power. The Clinton Doctrine can also be considered as consistent with this vision. Modernly the term is most frequently used to describe liberals and leftists who supported or still support the decision to invade Iraq in 2003, which was authorized by the United States Congress and ordered by a conservative president, George W. Bush. The war has stirred heated controversy among all political sides of the debate. The consensus among the left reaches very little disagreement about the latter. However, the left was divided over the issue of whether going to war in Iraq was the right decision, as some liberals felt that they should support the war, in accordance with the philosophy of liberal internationalism, which had caused them to support military intervention in the past.

One document often cited as promoting a liberal hawkish point of view is Progressive Internationalism: A Democratic National Security Strategy, published by the Progressive Policy Institute in October 2003. Another document related to this philosophy is a letter to President Bush] sent by Social Democrats USA in February 2003, urging the military overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime.

In January 2004, Berman, Friedman, Hitchens, Packer, Pollack, Weisberg and Zakaria participated, along with Fred Kaplan, in a five-day online forum entitled Liberal Hawks Reconsider the Iraq War, in which they discussed whether they had been correct in advocating military action against Saddam Hussein's regime. Kaplan by that point had renounced his prior support, but the general consensus among the participants was that, despite the absence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, the war had still been justified on humanitarian grounds.

In his book The Good Fight, published in 2006, Beinart renounced his prior support for the Iraq War, saying, "I was too quick to give up on containment, too quick to think time was on Saddam's side."

The Clash of Civilizations

The Clash of Civilizations is a theory, proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold Warworld.

The theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations?",in response to Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.

The term itself was first used by Bernard Lewis in an article in the September 1990 issue of The Atlantic Monthly titled The Roots of Muslim Rage.

Former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami introduced the idea of Dialogue Among Civilizationsas a response to the theory of Clash of Civilizations. The term "Dialogue among Civilizations" became more known after the United Nations adopted a resolution to name the year 2001 as the year of Dialogue among Civilizations.

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Core topics

Cabal · Conspiracy (civil) · Conspiracy (crime) · Conspiracy fiction · Conspiracy (political) ·

Psychology

Attitude polarization · Cognitive dissonance · Communal reinforcement · Confirmation bias · Locus of control · Paranoia · Psychological projection

Manmade or
accidental deaths

Assassination	Eric V of Denmark (1286) · Princes in the Tower (1483) · Abraham Lincoln (1865) · Franz Ferdinand (1914) · Phar Lap (1932) · Sergey Kirov (1934) · Joseph Stalin (1953) ·Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) · Marilyn Monroe (1962) · John F. Kennedy (1963) · Malcolm X (1965) · Robert F. Kennedy (1968) · Martin Luther King Jr. (1968) · Juscelino Kubitschek (1976) ·Pope John Paul I (1978) · Olof Palme (1986) · Zia-ul-Haq (1988) · Kurt Cobain (1994) · Yitzhak Rabin (1995) · Diana, Princess of Wales (1997) · Aaliyah (2001) · David Kelly (2003) ·Alexander Litvinenko (2006) · Benazir Bhutto (2007)

False flag	Sinking of the USS Maine (1898) · Sinking of the RMS Lusitania (1915) · Reichstag fire (1933) · Operation Gladio · USS Liberty incident (1967) · Pan Am Flight 103 (1988) ·Oklahoma City bombing (1995) · Port Arthur massacre (1996) · TWA Flight 800 (1996) · Russian apartment bombings (1999) · 9/11 attacks (Advance knowledge · WTC collapse) ·Madrid train bombing (2004) · London bombings (2005)

Other atrocities and catastrophes	Armenian genocide denial · Titanic alternative theories (1912) · Holocaust denial · Jonestown (1978) · Satanic ritual abuse (Blood libel) · Estonia ferry sinking (1994) ·Columbine High School massacre (1999)

Elizabethan Era

Babington Plot · Bye Plot · Essex Rebellion · Gowrie conspiracy · Gunpowder Plot · Main Plot · Ridolfi plot · Throckmorton Plot

New World Order

Bilderberg Group · Black helicopters · Bohemian Grove · Club of Rome · Council on Foreign Relations · The Fellowship · Illuminati · Judaeo-Masonic-Marxist plot · The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ·Freemasons · North American Union · ODESSA · Skull and Bones · Trilateral Commission

UFO

General	Alien abduction · Area 51 · Bermuda Triangle · Majestic 12 · Men in Black · Project Serpo · Reptilians

Incidents	List of alleged UFO crashes · Tunguska event (1908) · Ghost rockets (1946) · Roswell incident (1947) · Mantell incident (1948) · Rendlesham Forest incident (1980) · Phoenix Lights (1997)

U.S. Government

Apollo moon landing (1969) · Barack Obama's citizenship / religion · CIA drug trafficking · CIA-Kennedy assassination link · CIA-Osama bin Laden link · Dulles' Plan · HAARP · Montauk Project ·October surprise (1980) · Philadelphia Experiment (1943) · Redemption movement · Vast right-wing conspiracy · Vietnam War POW/MIA issue · Waco Siege (1993)

Health, energy,
environment

AIDS origins · AIDS denialism · Chemtrails · Fluoridation conspiracy · Mind control · New Coke (1985) · SARS (2003) · Free energy suppression · Global warming

Other

2012 phenomenon (Nibiru collision) · Bible conspiracy theory · Dominionism · Gay/Lavender Mafia · Homintern · Jesuit conspiracy · Overthrow of Sukarno (1966) · Paul McCartney's death (1966) · Scottish mafia ·Soviet space program (1957–1966) · Elvis Presley's survival (1977) · Vela Incident (1979) · George Soros

Proven
true

Dreyfus affair (1894) · Affaire Des Fiches (1904–1905) · Gleiwitz incident (1939) · Operation Ajax (1953) · Lavon Affair (1954) · Operation Northwoods (1962) · Watergate (1972) · Project MKULTRA (1975) ·COINTELPRO · Operation INFEKTION · Operation Mockingbird · Iran-Contra affair (1986) · Swiss secret files scandal (1989) · Niger uranium forgeries (2001)

Average Solar Altitude at Noon = 90 - l degrees
Highest Solar Altitude at Noon = 90 - l + 23.5 degrees
Lowest Solar Altitude at Noon = 90 - l- 23.5 degrees

Star NameDeclinationSirius-16.5°Vega+38.5°Betelgeux+07.5°Alpha Centauri-60.5°Polaris+89.5°

Date	Declination of the Sun
21 March	00.0°
21 June	+23.5°
23 September	00.0°
21 December	-23.5°
21 March	00.0°

Γνώση-Σοφία-Μύηση

Γνώση : αυτό που μπορούμε να επαληθεύσουμε με πείραμα.
Είναι η επιτομή των τεχνών και των επιστημών.
Είναι η μορφή των πραγμάτων.
Είναι η επιστήμη της Ύλης.

Σοφία : αφορά την ουσία των πραγμάτων.
Είναι η ενορατική σύλληψη της αλήθειας.
Είναι η επιστήμη του Πνεύματος.

Μύηση : κάνω μία αρχή ή εισέρχομαι σε κάτι.
Εισέρχομαι σε μιά νέα φάση αυτής της ζωής ή
εισέρχομαι στην Πνευματική Ζωή.
Διευρύνω τη συνείδηση μου.

Πυθαγόρειος Ηθική

Η Παρόρμηση για τη Γνώση

Η παρόρμηση για τη Γνώση οδηγεί στην Απόφαση για την απόκτηση της Πρώτης Γνώσης και την είσοδο στην Ατραπό.

Το επίπεδο της Συνείδησης που έχει επιτευχθεί μέχρι την είσοδο στην Ατραπό,χρησιμοποιείται για περαιτέρω πραγματοποιήσεις.

Η αντίληψη και η κατανόηση των δυσκολιών που εμποδίζουν την αληθινή γνώση και την πνευματική
άνοδο,οδηγεί στην εξουδετέρωσης τους.

Η ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ ΓΕΝΝΗΘΗΚΕ
από την ανάγκη του ανθρώπου να βάλει τάξη στον κόσμο που τον περιτριγυρίζει και ΝΑ ΟΡΙΣΕΙ ΤΗ ΔΙΚΗ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΣΗ μέσα σ'συτόν.

Η ΔΙΑΝΟΗΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ
είναι μία ακοίμητη περιέργεια,μία δίψα να εξετάσει και να μάθει.
Ο ΝΟΥΣ
έχει την ικανότητα να δουλεύει πιο πέρα απ'τις εντυπώσεις που προμηθεύουν τα αισθητήρια όργανα,να τις συγκρίνει,να βρίσκει ομοιότητες ή σχέσεις ανάμεσα τους,να τις χωρίζει σε ομάδες.Βρίσκει τα κρυμμένα,δηλαδή,τα αίτια και τ'αποτελέσματα.

ΟΙ ΕΠΤΑ ΑΡΕΤΕΣ ΠΟΥ ΕΠΙΔΙΩΚΟΥΜΕ

The Gang of Seven.Third Reich

ΌΛΑ ΤΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΈΣΜΑΤΑTrials of German Major War Criminals: Volume 14

... what the Hitler Youth did, what names they called him, and it says there were seven Hitler ... In another line, "He gave the gang and the Jew a kick." And then your Party Youth ...
www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-14/tgmwc-14-138-09.shtml · Σελίδα αποθηκευμένη στο cache
BUSINESS DIRECTORY
Video Grabber! Add this video bookmark to your browser, and you can post videos to this channel instantly!
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Books Third Reich
Märkische Allgemeine 'Fest has already put the Führer's gang in its place, in his ... Seven Hitler-youth, who've been stuck into Wehrmacht uniforms, are deployed to defend a bridge ...
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The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 14
Proceedings of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials ... ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHTH DAY Friday, 24 May 1946 Morning Session [The Defendant Von Schirach resumed the stand.]
avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/05-24-46.asp · Σελίδα αποθηκευμένη στο cache

The Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux

his tiny illuminated manuscript was made between 1324 and 1328 for Jeanne d'Evreux, queen of France, who died in 1371. (You can see her on the left, reading, as she kneels in the archway.) It is almost certain that her husband, King Charles IV (1294–1328), commissioned the book from the artist Jean Pucelle. A Book of Hours such as this contains prayers to be recited eight times each day, mimicking the long-established practice of monks and nuns. This manuscript contains two different cycles of prayers, or offices; one set is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and the other to Louis IX, the sainted king of France (1214–1270) and Jeanne d'Evreux's great-grandfather. The offices are composed around the Psalms of King David, and include hymns, standard prayers, and special lessons about the life of Saint Louis, with the Penitential Psalms at the end. In addition, a calendar is inserted at the beginning of the book.

Next

Jeanne d'Evreux, queen of France

Illuminated Manuscripts

Religious Calendar

The Hours of the Virgin

The Hours of Saint Louis

PoS GM

The Dossiers Secrets asserted that the Priory of Sion and the Knights Templar always shared the same Grand Master until a schism occurred during the "Cutting of the elm" incident in 1188. Following that event, the Grand Masters of the Priory of Sion are listed in French as being:

Jean de Gisors (1188–1220)
Marie de Saint-Clair (1220–1266)
Guillaume de Gisors (1266–1307)
Edouard de Bar (1307–1336)
Jeanne de Bar (1336–1351)
Jean de Saint-Clair (1351–1366)
Blanche d'Evreux (1366–1398)
Nicolas Flamel (1398–1418)
René d'Anjou (1418–1480)
Iolande de Bar (1480–1483)
Sandro Filipepi (1483–1510)
Léonard de Vinci (1510–1519)
Connétable de Bourbon (1519–1527)
Ferdinand de Gonzague (1527–1575)
Louis de Nevers (1575–1595)
Robert Fludd (1595–1637)
J. Valentin Andrea (1637–1654)
Robert Boyle (1654–1691)
Isaac Newton (1691–1727)
Charles Radclyffe (1727–1746)
Charles de Lorraine (1746–1780)
Maximilian de Lorraine (1780–1801)
Charles Nodier (1801–1844)
Victor Hugo (1844–1885)
Claude Debussy (1885–1918)
Jean Cocteau (1918–1963)

ΜΑΥΑ

[hide] v • d • e Maya sites

Belize	Altun Ha · Cahal Pech · Caracol · Cerros · Cuello · El Pilar · Lamanai · Lubaantun · Nim Li Punit · San Estevan · Uxbenka · Xunantunich

Guatemala	Aguateca · Altar de Sacrificios · Balberta · Bejucal · Cancuén · Chitinamit · Chocolá · Dos Pilas · El Baúl · El Mirador · El Tintal · El Zotz · Holmul · Iximche · Ixkun · Ixlu ·Kaminaljuyu · La Amelia · La Muerta · Machaquila · Mixco Viejo · Montana · Motul de San José · Naachtun · Nakbe · Nakum · Naranjo · Piedras Negras · Quiriguá · Q'umarkaj ·Río Azul · San Bartolo · San Mateo Ixtatán · Seibal · Takalik Abaj · Tamarindito · Tayasal · Tikal · Topoxte · Uaxactun · Waka' · Yaxha · Zacpeten · Zaculeu · Zapote Bobal

Honduras	Copán · El Puente

Mexico	Aké · Balamkú · Becan · Bonampak · Calakmul · Chacchoben · Chicanná · Chinkultic · Chichen Itza · Chunchucmil · Coba · Comalcalco · Dzibilchaltun · Edzna · Eixequil ·Ek' Balam · Izapa · Jaina · Kabah · Kohunlich · Komchen · Labna · Mayapan · Maní · Muyil · Oxkintok · Palenque · Punta Sur · Río Bec · San Gervasio · Sayil · Tancah ·Toniná · Tulum · Uxmal · Xcaret · Xelha · Xlapak · Xpuhil · Yaxchilan · Yo'okop

El Salvador	Cara Sucia · Joya de Cerén · San Andrés · Tazumal

See also: Pre-Columbian

Knights

1. Crusade Bookshop

Military Orders & Crusades Bookshop

2. Chivalry and Heraldry Links

François Velde's Heraldry Site

Frederic Luz's Excellent Heraldic Site

Guy Stair Sainty's Almanach de la Cour

The European Royal History Web Page

Report on the Baronage Press

The Baronage Press Home Page

Knighthood, Chivalry & Tournaments Resource

The Internet Chivalry and Knighthood Information Center
American College of Heraldry Links Page

Heraldry and Coats of Arms on the Internet

The Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies

Knightly Orders & International Nobility

Antiques A to Z Worldwide List of Orders

Medieval History, Royalty, Heraldry, Nobility, and Knighthood

Knights and Chivalry

Chivalry - Dreamland

Armorial Heritage Foundation

International Academy for Chivalry and Heraldry (Gone!)

International Institute for the Study of Chivalry (Old Site)

The American Academy for Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences

Chivalric Traditions

Interlynx.net Site Links

Heraldic Art and Design

Heraldic & Graphic Art Home Page

The Augustan Society Inc.

Caltrap's Corner

Gryfons Publishers & Distributors

Civic Heraldry of England & Wales

Irish Orders of Chivalry

The Great Hall of the Scottish Clans

Russian Heraldry Web Site

Russian College of Heraldry Web Site

Sites on the Russian Nobility by Timothy Boettger

The Polanlant Society - Polish Chivalry, Heraldy and Genealogy

3. Royal Houses

The British Monarchy

Danish Orders of Chivalry

Yugoslavian Royal House

Eóghanacht Royal House of Munster; The Niadh Nask

4. General

Chivalric Scam Report Web Site

Crusade Information Links

Links to information on Order of St. John Hospitaller organisations

The Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights Hospitaller

Order of Knights Templar and Order of Christ Links

The British Grand Priory Web Site Map

Duncan's Ritual

This book presents details of Masonic initiation rituals, along with grips, passwords and regalia. Written in the 19th century, Duncan's Ritual, as it is known, has been republished numerous times. It includes the three basic degrees of the Ancient York Rite, and four additional advanced degrees. There are over a hundred illustrations, all reproduced here, which show important details of the rituals, including gestures and symbolic pictures. Duncan's Ritual is careful to note known variations where they exist. This book will be of interest to beginning Masons who want a roadmap of the craft, as well as experienced Masons who need a review.

Title Page
Preface
Entered Apprentice, or First Degrees
Fellow Craft, or Second Degree
Master Mason, or Third Degree
Mark Master, or Fourth Degree
Past Master, or Fifth Degree
Most Excellent Master, or Sixth Degree
Royal Arch, or Seventh Degree
Extracts from a Dictionary of Masonry
Appendix

The Qabalistic and Thelemic Works of Frater Achad

The lamen of Frater Achad

The complete published works of Frater Achad, the magical motto of Charles Stansfield Jones, cabalist extraordinaire.

Charles Stansfeld Jones (1886-1950) was an early aspirant to A∴A∴ (the 20th to be admitted as a Probationer, in December 1909) who “claimed” the grade of Magister Templi as a Neophyte. He also became an O.T.O. initiate, serving as the principal organizer for that order in British Columbia. He worked under a variety of mottos and mantonyms, including V.I.O. (Unus in Omnibus, “One in All,” as an A∴A∴ Probationer), O.I.V.V.I.O., V.I.O.O.I.V., Parzival (as an Adeptus Minor and O.T.O. Ninth Degree), and Tantalus Leucocephalus (as Tenth Degree O.T.O.), but he is best known under his Neophyte motto Achad (Hebr. “unity”), which he used as a byline in his various published writings.
— From “Charles Stansfield Jones” on Thelemapedia

This material presented here is updated from Norton’s Imperium also in The Hermetic Library. Previously, this material was several levels deep on the site, but this Frater Achad material deserves to be a featured part of the collection.

QBL, or The Bride's Reception (PDF)

A basic primer on the Tree of Life from a Thelemic viewpoint. The appendix contains the magickal records of Achad's discovery of his "Restored" Tree of Life.
See also: Q.B.L. or The Bride's Reception: Being A Qabalistic Treatise on the Nature and Use of the Tree of Life

The Egyptian Revival (PDF)

A detailed examination of Frater Achad's "Restored" Tree of Life, its justification in past cabalistic writings, and its relation to Thelemic symbolism. Contains many ideas later adopted (without credit) by other writers.
See also: Egyptian Revival or the Ever-Coming Son in the Light of the Tarot

The Anatomy of the Body of God (PDF)

Achad's magnum opus on cabalistic geometry.
See also: Anatomy of the Body of God

Crystal Vision Through Crystal Gazing (PDF)

The good Frater's classic monograph on this traditional method of scrying and its transformation into higher forms of spiritual vision. Lots of good advice for anyone learning or using any method of scrying.
See also: Crystal Vision Through Crystal Gazing

The Chalice of Ecstasy (PDF)

An analysis of Wagner's Parzival as it relates to the Path of Initiation and Thelema.

Liber 31 (PDF)

The magickal record of Achad's discovery of the Key of Liber AL vel Legis
See also: Liber Thirty-One

31 Hymns to the Star Goddess (PDF)

Prose "verses" to NUIT, in the style of Crowley's Book of Lies. Not great literature, but with some useful content.

INRI

Concerning the symbolism of the Rose and Cross.

Liber QNA

Concerning Names of God.

The Conjuration of Kronos

An invocation of Binah in the Golden Dawn style, thought to be written by Frater Achad.

Additional Notes on Liber Al vel Legis

Comments on Chapter 1, vv. 45-48.

Stepping Out of the Old Æon Into the New

An astronomical metaphor.

New Aeon Test Questions

Achad's Test Questions for the three "grades" of Liber AL.

Previously unpublished works by Frater Achad

Through the efforts of Frater 117 of Yggdrasil Camp, O.T.O. and Bishop T. Allen Greenfield, a number of new articles by Frater Achad were released to the public. These articles were first published (along with commentary and annotations by Bishop Greenfield) in Mjölnir, a quarterly journal from Yggdrasil Camp. (Note: The PDFs of the journal were linked to but not stored here, and there is no HTML version of the first work in The Hermetic Library.)

The Treasure House of Achad

An introduction to this series of Achad works by T. Allen Greenfield. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 1.

Belief vs. Knowledge

An essay contrasting religious belief with direct spiritual experience. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 2.

Mirrors of Life

Concerning subjective relativism and freedom of awareness. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 3.

Freedom

Concerning the enjoyment of life and living. From Mjölnir vol. 1, no. 4.

Untitled Letter to the Universal Brotherhood

Concerning Right Knowledge. From Mjölnir vol.2 no. 4.

Thinking Backwards

Concerning Crowley's method of discovering "past lives". From Mjölnir vol. 2 no. 3.

Nothing

Concerning the abandonment of all finite characteristics. From Mjölnir v2 no. 1.

Achad's Lamen

Achad's Pantacle

Test Yourself

Anger Test - Abridged Is your temper under control? Take Test	Anxiety Do stress and anxiety interfere with your life? Take Test
Arguing Style How your arguing style impacts your relationships. Take Test	Assertiveness Do you stand up for yourself? Take Test
Attention Can't concentrate? Learn how to focus your attention. Take Test	Attention Span Test Do you focus on a task or zone out? Take Test
Bipolar Depression Quiz Are your emotional highs and lows normal? Take Test	Blood Pressure Quiz Are you one of the 65 million Americans at risk? Take Test
Burnout (For Non-Service Industries) Are you pushing yourself too hard? Take Test	Burnout (For Service Industries) Are you pushing yourself too hard? Take Test
Can you be an Entrepreneur? Find out if your success lies in the business world. Take Test	Career Advancement Do you have the skills and attitude to move up? Take Test
Caregiving Is caregiving the job for you? Take Test	Commitment Readiness Are you ready to commit? Take Test
Communication Skills Are delivering your message loud and clear? Take Test	Concentration Can you focus on the task at hand? Take Test
Coping Skills How well do you react to rough times? Take Test	Creative Problem-Solving Don't get stuck in a rut. Take Test
Criticism Can you take negative feedback like a pro? Take Test	Depression Are you suffering from depression? Take Test
Do I Need Therapy? Learn if a psychologist is right for you. Take Test	Does worrying affect your health? Find out if your fretting is taking a toll. Take Test

Global Issues

CIA and Clandestine Ops, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, October 13, 2005Are We Safer?, Gary Schmitt, Dallas Morning News, September 11, 2005Men Without a Country, Ellen Bork, The Weekly Standard, August 15, 2005U.S. Policy on Uzbekistan, Project Memorandum, Daniel McKivergan, June 14, 2005Bolton, the Times, and Unreported Emails, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, April 25, 2005Bolton: Character Assassination, Project Memorandum, William Kristol, April 13, 2005Iran's "Right" to a Nuclear Program, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, March 16, 2005End the Genocide Now, William Kristol and Vance Serchuk, Washington Post , August 22, 2004Terrorism in Beslan, William Kristol, Financial Times, August 9, 2004Backtracking on Proliferation?, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, May 26, 2004Energetic America, Lewis E. Lehrman, Weekly Standard, September 23, 2003Power & Duty: U.S. Action is Crucial to Maintaining World Order, Gary Schmitt, Los Angeles Times, March 23, 2003Multilateralism, American Style, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, September 13, 2002Europeans Courting International Disaster, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, June 30, 2002International Criminal Court, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, January 2, 2001Summary of Statement Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, John Bolton, January 2001Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, October 13, 2000Springtime for Dictators, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, June 25, 2000International Criminal Court, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, June 14, 2000A World of Problems, Robert Kagan, Washington Post, April 10, 2000Russian Psychobabble David Kramer, Washington Times, March 1, 2000Project Memorandum, Mark Lagon, June 23, 1999Indonesia and Democracy, Charles Horner, Project Memorandum, June 1999Sanctions, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, January 13, 1999Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, July 29, 1998After the Indian Tests: Sanctions for India and China, Henry Sokolski and Tim Hoyt, Project Memorandum, May 1998IMF, Congress and American Economic Leadership, Project Memorandum, Gary Schmitt, March 12, 1998Getting Our Dollars' Worth: The IMF and Sound Capital Investment Practices for the 21st Century, Lawrence B. Lindsey, Project Memorandum, March 1998

The 100 Greatest Films

100 Greatest Films

Selection Criteria for Greatest Films

100 "Greatest Films" (alphabetical by title)
- Index *
- Part 1
- Part 2
- Part 3
- Part 4
- Part 5
- Part 6
- Part 7
- Part 8
Another 100 "Greatest Films" (alphabetical)
- Index *
- Part 1
- Part 2
- Part 3
- Part 4
- Part 5
- Part 6
- Part 7
- Part 8
Third 100 "Greatest Films" (alphabetical)
- Index *
- Part 1
- Part 2
- Part 3
- Part 4
- Part 5
- Part 6
- Part 7
- Part 8
200 Greatest Films (chronological listing of top two lists)
300 Greatest Films (chronological listing of three lists)
Quick Links: All-Film Titles Index (alphabetical by title)
- A-G
- H-N
- O-Z

* Click here to try NOAA's New Solar Calculator *

City:		Deg:	Min:	Sec:	Time Zone
	Lat: North=+ South=-				Offset to UTC (MST=+7):	Daylight Saving Time:
Click here for help finding your lat/long coordinates	Long: East=- West=+				Offset to UTC (MST=+7):	Daylight Saving Time:
Note: To manually enter latitude/longitude, select Enter Lat/Long -> from the City pulldown box, and enter the values in the text boxes to the right.

Month:	Day:	Year (e.g. 2000):	Time: (hh:mm:ss)
			: : AM PM 24hr

Equation of Time (minutes):	Solar Declination (degrees):	Solar Azimuth:	Solar Elevation:	cosine of solar zenith angle

Azimuth is measured in degrees clockwise from north. Elevation is measured in degrees up from the horizon. Az & El both report dark after astronomical twilight.

Form B - Locations Worldwide

Observatory

Welcome to the web pages of the Astronomical Applications Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory. Our products - almanacs, software, and web services - provide precise astronomical data for practical applications, serving the defense, scientific, commercial, and civilian communities.

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Blessings and Prayers For Daily and Special Occasions		Calendar Issues Calendar Calculation, Fast Days, Holidays, Shabbat
Clothing and Grooming Styles of Dress, Clothing Materials, Special Garments		Communication Issues in Proper Speech
Death and Mourning Death, Life After Death, The Supernatural		Determining Law General Principles, Loopholes, Mitigating Factors
Dwellings Issues in Owning a Home		Family Issues Marriage, Child-Rearing, Sexuality
Food and Agriculture Farming, Animal Husbandry, Kashrut		Ideology Theological Issues, Issues in Idolatry
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Special People/Animals Social Classes, Positions of Power, Unique Creatures		Supernatural Issues Angels, Demons and the Paranormal
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Torah Study The Mitzvah; Methods of Study; Hermeneutics		Transactions and Torts Property Ownership & Acquisition; Laws of Damages

Modern forms of Esoteric Christianity

Many modern Esoteric Christian movements admit reincarnation among their beliefs, as well as a complex energetic structure for the human being (such as etheric body, astral body,mental body and causal body). These movements point out the need of an inner spiritual work which will lead to the renewal of the human person according to the Pauline sense. Max Heindel and Rudolf Steiner gave several spiritual exercises in their writings to help the evolution of the follower. In the same direction are Tommaso Palamidessi's writings, which aim at developing ascetic techniques and meditations. According to all of these esoteric scholars, the ensemble of these techniques (often related with Eastern meditation practices such aschakra meditation or visualization) will lead to salvation and to the total renewal of the human being. This process usually implies the constitution of a spiritual body apt to the experience ofresurrection (and therefore called, in Christian terms, resurrection body).^[21]^[22]^[23] Some Esoteric Christians today also incorporate New Age and traditional "magical" practices in their beliefs, such as Qabalah, theurgy, goetia, alchemy, astrology, and hermetism.

Esoteric Buddhism

Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite (18th Degree) of Freemasonry

"There can be no question of the intimate Christian character and design of the Degree (...) In the Rites and Ceremonies of this Degree, we have presented a Third Temple, successor to both the Temple of King Solomon and to the Temple of Zerubbabel -- the spiritual Temple, the building of which is the ultimate objective of Freemasonry. The Wisdom, Strength, Beauty which supported the ancient Temple are replaced by the Christian pillars of Faith, Hope and Charity; the great Lights remain, for they are not only the essence of Freemasonry, but also fundamentals in their symbolic truths and in the realities of some in the building of true character; the three lesser lights give way to thirty-three, which to most interpreters represent the thirty-three years of the Messiah's sojourn on the earth."

"then as "PHREE MESSEN" or children of light they are instructed in methods of building a new temple without sound of hammer, and when the spirit realizes that it is far from its heavenly home, a prodigal, feeding upon the unsatisfactory husks of the material world, that apart from the Father it is "POOR, NAKED AND BLIND," when it knocks at the door of a mystic temple like that of the Rosicrucians and asks for light, when it receives the desired instruction after due qualification by building and ethereal soul-body, a temple or house eternal in the heavens, not made with hands, and without sound of hammer, when its nakedness is clothed with that house (see Cor. 4.5,) then the neophyte receives "THE WORD," the open sesame to the inner worlds and learns to travel in foreign parts in the invisible worlds. There he takes soul-flights into heavenly region and qualifies for higher degrees under more direct instruction from THE GRAND ARCHITECT OF THE UNIVERSE, who fashioned both heaven and earth. (...) There are 3x3 degrees in the lesser Mysteries; when the candidate has passed the 9th Arch [18/33], he is in the Holy of Holies, which forms the gate to greater fields beyond the scope of Masonry."

Astrological age, Age of Aquarius
Christ (concept), Second Coming
God and the scheme of evolution
Sophia (wisdom)
^ Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion: Selected Papers Presented at the 17th Congress

^ ^a ^b Besant, Annie (2001). Esoteric Christianity or the Lesser Mysteries. City: Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 9781402100291.
^ From the Greek ἐσωτερικός (esôterikos, "inner"). The term esotericism itself was coined in the 17th century. (Oxford English Dictionary Compact Edition, Volume 1,Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 894.)
^ Wouter J. Hanegraaff, Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek, Jean-Pierre Brach, Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, Brill 2005.
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esotericism
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: esoteric
^ Cf. Matthew 16:16
^ ^a ^b G.G. Stroumsa, Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism, 2005.
^ The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. Published 1911
^ Tommaso Palamidessi, Introduction to Major and Minor Mysteries, ed. Archeosofica, 1971
^ Frommann, De Disciplina Arcani in vetere Ecclesia christiana obticuisse fertur, Jena 1833.
^ E. Hatch, The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church, London, 1890, Chapter 10.
^ Jean Danielou, Origen, translated by Walter Mitchell, 1955.
^ Haer., lxiv.63
^ Catholic Answers, Quotes by Church Fathers Against Reincarnation, 2004.
^ John S. Uebersax, Early Christianity and Reincarnation: Modern Misrepresentation of Quotes by Origen, 2006.
^ See Reincarnation and Christianity
^ Archeosofica, Articles on Esoteric Christianity (classical authors)
^ Antoine Faivre, L'ésotérisme, Paris, PUF (« Que sais-je?»), 1992.
^ Weber, Charles, Rosicrucianism and Christianity in Rays from the Rose Cross, 1995
^ Rudolf Steiner, Christianity As Mystical Fact, Steinerbooks.
^ Tommaso Palamidessi, The Guardians of the Thresholds and the Evolutionary Way, Archeosofica, 1978.
^ Max Heindel, The Mystical Interpretation of Easter, Rosicrucian Fellowship.
^ Secrets of the Magical Grimoires
^ Phoenix Masonry Scottish Rite Rose Croix 18th Degree Jewel, 2000s
^ Heindel, Max, Freemasonry and Catholicism, ISBN 0-911274-04-9, 1910s

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Theological thought

Abrahamism · Acosmism · Agnosticism · Animism · Antireligion · Atheism · Dharmism · Deism · Discordianism - Dualism · Esotericism · Feminist theology · Gnosticism · Henotheism · Humanism ·Immanence · Monism · Monotheism · Mysticism · New Age · Nondualism · Pandeism · Pantheism · Polytheism · Process theology · Rastafari - Religious Naturalism · Shamanism · Taoic · Theism ·Thelema - Transcendence · more

Religion portal

Esoteric Christianity | Esotericism | Christianity and the Greco-Roman world

The first true mystery story is considered to be The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe (1841) then there follows The Woman in White (1860) by Wilkie Collins. Collins wrote several more in this genre, including The Moonstone (1868) which is thought to be his masterpiece. The genre began to expand near the turn of century with the development of dime novels and pulp magazines. Books were especially helpful to the genre with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to mystery fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon andCarolyn Keene pseudonyms, respectively (and later written by his daughter, Harriet S. Adams, and other authors). The 1920s also gave rise to one of the most popular mystery authors of all time, Agatha Christie. Christie's books are numerous, though her literary reputation has suffered.

The massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s only increased the interest in mystery fiction. Pulp magazines decreased in popularity in the 1950s with the rise of television so much that the numerous titles available then are reduced to two today (and those are Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine and Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine). The Detective fiction author Ellery Queen (pseudonym of authors Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee) is also credited with the continued interest in mystery fiction thanks to the namesake magazine which began in 1941.

Interest in mystery fiction continues to this day thanks to various television shows which have used mystery themes over the years and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published and frequent the best seller lists. Also, there is some overlap with "thriller" or "suspense" novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists.

An organization for the authors of mystery, detective, and crime fiction was begun in 1945, called theMystery Writers of America. This popular genre has naturally made the leap into the online world, spawning countless websites devoted to every aspect of the genre, with even a few supposedly written by real detectives.

Universe Today Guide to the Constellations

The Universe Today Guide to the Messier Objects

110 Messier Objects,

from M1 (the Crab Nebula) to M110

(a satellite galaxy to Andromeda), and everything in between.

There's also a nice introduction to the Messier Objects, a guide to doing a Messier marathon, and suggestions for stretching your Messier marathon out to a week.

M1 – M2 – M3 – M4 – M5 – M6 – M7 – M8 – M9 – M10 – M11 – M12 – M13 – M14 – M15 – M16 – M17 – M18 – M19 – M20 – M21 – M22 – M23 – M24 – M25 – M26 – M27 – M28 – M29 – M30 – M31 –M32 – M33 – M34 – M35 – M36 – M37 – M38 – M39 – M40 – M41 – M42 – M43 – M44 – M45 – M46 – M47 – M48 – M49 – M50 – M51 – M52 – M53 – M54 – M55 – M56 – M57 – M58 – M59 – M60 –M61 – M62 – M63 – M64 – M65 – M66 – M67 – M68 – M69 – M70 – M71 – M72 – M73 – M74 – M75 – M76 – M77 – M78 – M79 – M80 – M81 – M82 – M83 – M84 – M85 – M86 – M87 – M88 – M89 –M90 – M91 – M92 – M93 – M94 – M95 – M96 – M97 – M98 – M99 – M100 – M101 – M102 – M103 – M104 – M105 – M106 – M107 – M108 – M109 – M110

astronomy

Universe Today

Greek Dialects - Where to Start
Lesbian Aeolic.
Choral Doric
Bucolic Doric
Meter and Recitation
- A general introduction to Greek meter (PDF)
- In Some Comments on the Epic Caesura I give a possible origin for the heroic hexameter, and then analyze the first 21 lines of Iliad A with special attention to the caesura.
- In Reciting the Heroic Hexameter I present one way to recite hexameters. The PDF has links to MP3 examples.
- The Error of Caragounis, a summary of some problems with C. Caragounis' notion that Ancient and Modern Greek are pronounced identically.
- A reference: Words with Digamma in Epic.
- Which word shapes go where: Localization in the Hexameter. On pp.53-57 of Chad Bochan's notes on iambic comp are localization tables for iambic trimeters.
- Epic dialect. As a consequence uncontracted verbs and augmentless aorists seem perfectly natural to me. Please do send me comments if you feel I've skipped over something that should be explained.
  - Alcaeus
  - Anacreon and Anacreontics
  - The Greek Anthology
  - Archilochus
  - Hesiod
  - Homer
  - Homeric Hymns
  - Ibycus
  - Mesomedes
  - Mimnermus
  - Pindar
  - Sappho
  - Simonides of Ceos
  - Solon
  - Theocritus
  - Theognis
  - Anonymous
  - καὶ τὰ λοιπά — random works that don't fit elsewhere
    Delectus Indelectatus: brief, cranky poems, mostly from the Anthology
    Menander, fragment 614 (em Portugeês).

Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PSYOP, PSYOPS), have been known by many other names or terms, including Psy Ops, Political Warfare, “Hearts and Minds,” and evenPropaganda.[1] Various techniques are used, by any set of groups, and aimed to influence a target audience's valuesystems, belief systems, emotions, motives, reasoning, or behavior. It is used to induce confessions or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator's objectives, and are sometimes combined with black operations or false flagtactics. Target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals.

The U.S. Department of Defense defines psychological warfare as:

"The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives."

During World War II the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff defined psychological warfare more broadly stating "Psychological warfare employs any weapon to influence the mind of the enemy. The weapons are psychological only in the effect they produce and not because of the weapons themselves."

Philosophy of Mathematics

Contents
1 History
1.1 20th century
2 Contemporary schools of thought
2.1 Mathematical realism
2.1.1 Platonism
2.1.2 Logicism
2.1.3 Empiricism
2.1.4 Formalism
2.2 Intuitionism
2.3 Constructivism
2.4 Embodied mind theories
2.4.1 New Empiricism
2.4.2 Aristotelian realism
2.5 Fictionalism
2.6 Social constructivism or social realism
2.7 Beyond the traditional schools
2.7.1 Quasi-empiricism
2.7.2 Unification
2.7.3 Language
3 Aesthetics
4 See also
4.1 Related works
4.2 Historical topics
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 External links
7.1 Journals
The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the philosophical assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics. The aim of the philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and to understand the place of mathematics in people's lives. The logical and structural nature of mathematics itself makes this study both broad and unique among its philosophical counterparts.
Recurrent themes include:
What are the sources of mathematical subject matter?
What is the ontological status of mathematical entities?
What does it mean to refer to a mathematical object?
What is the character of a mathematical proposition?
What is the relation between logic and mathematics?
What is the role of hermeneutics in mathematics?
What kinds of inquiry play a role in mathematics?
What are the objectives of mathematical inquiry?
What gives mathematics its hold on experience?
What are the human traits behind mathematics?
What is mathematical beauty?
What is the source and nature of mathematical truth?
What is the relationship between the abstract world of mathematics and the material universe?
Is math an absolute and universal language?
The terms philosophy of mathematics and mathematical philosophy are frequently used as synonyms.The latter, however, may be used to mean at least three other things. One sense refers to a project of formalising a philosophical subject matter, say, aesthetics, ethics, logic, metaphysics, or theology, in a purportedly more exact and rigorous form, as for example the labours of Scholastic theologians, or the systematic aims of Leibniz and Spinoza. Another sense refers to the working philosophy of an individual practitioner or a like-minded community of practicing mathematicians. Additionally, some understand the term mathematical philosophy to be an allusion to the approach taken by Bertrand Russell in his book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.

The Eleven Virtues

Valoright action in the face of any challenge.

NobilityPoise and elegance in both word and deed.

DiscernmentPiercing all glamour to see the Truth in one's self and in

PrideHaving a true sense of one's worth.

CompassionThe vice of Kings!

FidelityLoyalty to one's self, one's comrades and to one's word.

PassionTo do all with love under will.

StrengthThe body is the Temple of God.

DisciplinePerseverance, that the Work may be accomplished.

Self RelianceOnly a free man may walk our path.

HospitalityTo share what one has with others, especially those far from home.

Theory

Core tenets	Nationalism · Imperialism · Authoritarianism · Single party state · Dictatorship · Social Darwinism · Social interventionism · Indoctrination · Propaganda · Anti-intellectualism · Eugenics · Heroism · Militarism ·Economic interventionism · Anti-communism

Topics	Definitions · Economics · Fascism and ideology · Fascism worldwide · Symbolism

Ideas	Actual Idealism · Class collaboration · Corporatism · Heroic capitalism · National Socialism · National syndicalism · State capitalism · State socialism · Supercapitalism · Third Position · Totalitarianism

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Movements

Africa	Greyshirts · Ossewabrandwag

Asia	Brit HaBirionim · Ganap Party ·

Western Europe	Action Française · Black Front (Netherlands) · Breton Social-National Workers' Movement · British Fascists · British People's Party (1939) · British Union of Fascists · La Cagoule ·Clerical People's Party · Estado Novo · Faisceau · Falange · Flemish National Union · General Dutch Fascist League · Imperial Fascist League · National Fascisti · National Front (Switzerland) ·Nationalist Party (Iceland) · National Socialist Dutch Workers Party · National Socialist League · National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands · National Socialist Movement of Norway ·National Syndicalists (Portugal) · National Union (Portugal) · New Party (UK) · Parti Populaire Français · Rexism

Central Europe	4th of August Regime · Arrow Cross Party · Austrian National Socialism · Fatherland's Front · Greater German People's Party · Greek National Socialist Party · Hungarian National Socialist Party ·Italian Fascism · Italian Social Republic · Nasjonal Samling · National Fascist Community · National Fascist Party · National Socialist Bloc · National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden) · Nazism ·Nazi Party · Pērkonkrusts · Sammarinese Fascist Party · Sudeten German Party · Ustaše · ZBOR

Eastern Europe	Albanian Fascist Party · Crusade of Romanianism · Iron Guard · Lapua Movement · National Fascist Movement · National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement ·National Social Movement (Bulgaria) · National Radical Camp · National Radical Camp Falanga · National Romanian Fascia · National Renaissance Front · Patriotic People's Movement (Finland) ·Romanian Front · Russian Fascist Party · Russian Women's Fascist Movement · Slovak People's Party · Union of Bulgarian National Legions

North America	Fascism in Canada · Canadian Union of Fascists · Parti national social chrétien · Red Shirts (Mexico) · Gold shirts · German American Bund · Silver Legion of America

South America	Falangism in Latin America · Brazilian Integralism · Bolivian Socialist Falange · National Socialist Movement of Chile

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People

Abba Ahimeir · Ion Antonescu · Sadao Araki · Zoltán Böszörmény · Corneliu Zelea Codreanu · Marcelo Caetano · Gustavs Celmiņš · Enrico Corradini · Marcel Déat · Léon Degrelle · Giovanni Gentile · · Heinrich Himmler ·Adolf Hitler · Ikki Kita · Dimitrije Ljotić · Arnold Leese · Ioannis Metaxas · Oswald Mosley · Benito Mussolini · Eoin O'Duffy · Ante Pavelić · William Dudley Pelley · Vidkun Quisling · José Antonio Primo de Rivera ·Konstantin Rodzaevsky · António de Oliveira Salazar · Plínio Salgado · Ferenc Szálasi · Anastasy Vonsyatsky

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Works

Sculpture	Allach (porcelain)

Film	Der Sieg des Glaubens · Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht · Triumph of the Will

Literature	The Doctrine of Fascism · Fascist manifesto · Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals · Mein Kampf · My Life · The Myth of the Twentieth Century · Revolt Against the Modern World · Zweites Buch ·Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista

Periodicals	La Conquista del Estado · Das Reich (newspaper) · Der Angriff · Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung · Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen · Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden · Figli d'Italia · Fronten ·Gândirea · Gioventù Fascista · Je suis partout · La france au travail · Münchener Beobachter · Novopress · NS Månedshefte · Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift · Das Schwarze Korps · Der Stürmer ·Il Popolo d'Italia · Sfarmă-Piatră · Signal (magazine) · Vlajka · Völkischer Beobachter

Related topics	Art of the Third Reich · Fascist architecture · Heroic realism · Nazi architecture · Nazism and cinema · Nazi plunder

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Organizations

Institutional	Ahnenerbe · Chamber of Fasci and Corporations · Grand Council of Fascism · Imperial Way Faction · Italian Nationalist Association · Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen · Quadrumvirs

Activist	German American Bund · Russian Fascist Organization · Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys) · Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls) · Union of Fascist Little Ones

Paramilitary	Albanian Militia · Black Brigades · Blackshirts · Blueshirts · Einsatzgruppen · Gold shirts · Greenshirts · Greyshirts · Hitler Youth · Heimwehr · Iron Wolf (Lithuania) · Red Shirts (Mexico) ·Silver Legion of America · Schutzstaffel · Sturmabteilung · Lăncieri · National Union (Portugal) · Makapili · Mocidade Portuguesa · Waffen-SS · Werwolf

International	Axis powers · NSDAP/AO · ODESSA

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History

1910s	Arditi · Fascio

1920s	Aventine Secession · Acerbo Law · March on Rome · Beer Hall Putsch · Italian economic battles

1930s	March of the Iron Will · 6 February 1934 crisis · 1934 Montreux Fascist conference

1940s	World War II · The Holocaust · Congress of Verona · Denazification · Nuremberg Trials

[hide] Lists

Anti-fascists · Books about Hitler · British fascist parties · Fascist movements by country (A-F · G-M · N-T · U-Z) · Nazi ideologues · Nazi leaders · Speeches by Hitler · SS personnel

[hide] Related topics

Anti-fascism · Anti-Nazi League · Christofascism · Clerical fascism · Cryptofascism · Ecofascism · Esoteric Nazism · Fascist (epithet) · Glossary of Nazi Germany · Hitler salute · Italianization · Italianization of South Tyrol ·Ku Klux Klan · Left-wing fascism · Neo-fascism · Neo-Nazism · Roman salute · Social fascism · Synarchism · Unite Against Fascism · Völkisch movement

Diagrams

A Survey of Venn Diagrams

Frank Ruskey and Mark Weston
Department of Computer Science
University of Victoria
Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6
CANADA

Note: This is an updated version of a survey that first appeared as a Dynamic Survey in February, 1997, and was revised in 2001 and 2005. There is a summary of changes.

The purpose of these pages is to collect together various facts and figures about Venn diagrams, particularly as they relate to combinatorial and geometric properties of the diagrams. Aperiodic updates are planned and comments and suggestions are most welcome.

Organization

Who was John Venn?
- A painting of John Venn
What is a Venn diagram?
- Formal definition of Venn diagrams
  The Borromean Rings
- General constructions of Venn diagrams
Graphs associated with Venn diagrams.
- The planar dual of a Venn diagram
  Venn dual graphs of Venn's construction
- When are two Venn diagrams different?
  Separating vertices
- How many Venn diagrams are there?
- Extending Venn diagrams
  An irreducible diagram
- Minimum vertex Venn diagrams
  Minimum 5-Venn diagrams
- Congruent Venn diagrams
Symmetric Venn diagrams.
- Rotational Symmetry
  Symmetric diagrams for small n
- A general construction for symmetric diagrams
  Symmetric diagrams and necklaces
  Variants on Symmetry
  - Symmetry for non-prime n
  - Venn diagrams and Gray codes
    Gray codes and Edwards' construction
Geometric Variations.
- Convexity
  Six triangles
- Exposure
- Area-proportional diagrams
  Poly-Venn diagrams for 6 and 7 sets
Generalizations and Extensions of Venn diagrams.
- Relaxations of parameters
  k-fold 2-Venn diagrams
- Generalizing symmetry
- Euler diagrams
Open problems.
References.
Acknowledgements.
Footnotes.

The icon to the left appears on all the following pages. Clicking on it will bring you back to this page.

The 7-fold rosette at the top of the page is a Venn diagram for n = 7, called "Victoria." Find out more about it by going to the page on symmetric Venn diagrams for small n.

There are some Venn diagrams on the pages to follow that have not appeared before in the literature, in particular, most of the symmetric Venn diagrams for n=7.

Occult Path

Alchemy: Manfred M. Junius - Practical Handbook of Plant Alchemy. Frater Albertus - Alchemist's Handbook. Jean Dubuis - Spagyrics
Astrology: Rosicrucian Fellowship - Astrology Course, Donna Cuningham - Selected Topics in Chart Interpretation, Judith Bennett, Evangeline Adams - Astrology Your Place among the Stars
Buddhism: Dalai Lama - The Art of Happiness, Jan Westerhoff - Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Investigation, Taigen D. Leighton - Visions of Awakening Space and Time: Dogen and the Lotus Sutra, Bernard Faure - The Red Thread
Chaos Magic: Peter Carrol - Cthonos Rite, Phil Hine - Prime Chaos, David Michael Cunningham - Creating Magickal Entities: A Complete Guide to Entity Creation
Entheogens: Timothy Leary - The Delicious Grace Of Moving One's Hand, Mia Touw - The Religious and Medicinal Uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet, Terence McKenna - Alien Dreamtime, Philip H. Farber - Magick and Entheogens
Fourth Way: G.I. Gurdjieff - Beelzebubs Tales to His Grandson, P. D. Ouspensky - Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution, Keith Jarrett - Sacred Hymns of G.I. Gurdjieff
Grimoires: Abraham von Worms - The Book Of Abramelin, Andrew Chumbley - One - The Grimoire of the Golden Toad, Various Authors - A Picatrix Miscellany
Golden Dawn: Pat & Chris Zalewski - The Magical Tarot of The Golden Dawn, Pat Zalewski - Golden Dawn Rituals and Commentaries, Chic and Sandra Tabatha Cicero - Self-Initiation into the Golden Dawn Tradition, Israel Regardie - The Complete Golden Dawn System of Magic
Hinduism: Swami Vivekananda - Complete Works, John Dowson - A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, T.S Ranganathan - See, Learn & Perform Sandhyavandanam
Qabalah: Kabballah Denning & Phillips - Entrance to the Magical Qabalah, Lon Milo Duquette- Qabalah for the Rest of Us, William Gray - Ladder of Lights
Lucid Dreams / Astral Projection: Tony Crisp - Lucid Dreaming, S. Laberge - A Course in Lucid Dreaming, Robert Monroe - Techniques for Astral Projection, Robert Bruce - Astral Dynamics
Rosicrucianism: Paul Foster Case - The True and Invisible Rosicrucian Order, Frances Yates - The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, Jennings Hargrave - The Rosicrucians
Satanism / Left-Hand Path: Michael A. Aquino - Temple Of Set, ONA - Naos: A Practical Guide to Modern Magick, Fraternitas Loki - Satan is Dead, Anton Szandor LaVey - The Satanic Mass
Tarot: Paul Foster Case - Tarot Fundamentals, Lon Milo DuQuette - Tarot Kabbalah & Oracles, P.D. Ouspensky - The Symbolism of the Tarot
Thelema: Theodor Reuss & Aleister Crowley - OTO Rituals & Magick, James Eschelman - The Mystical & Magical System of the A.'.A.'., The Equinox
Wicca: Rose Ariadne - Mastering The Magick Of Witchcraft, Cassadnra Eason - A Practical Guide to Witchcraft and Magick Spells, Scott Cunningham - Wicca A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner
Yoga / Tantra: David Gordon White - Kiss of the Yogini, Swami Janakananda - Experience Yoga Nidra, David Coulter - Anatomy of Hatha Yoga

ONOURIS

Greek name for the god Iniheret, 'He who has brought the far-off one', a name that refers to a late interpretation of certain myths. They tell how the eye of the sky god or sun god abandoned its owner and was then brought back by Onuris. This myth was merged with a similar story in which Onuris brings back the lioness Mehyt from the desert; together these two were long worshipped in This in the nome of Abydos. The Eye of Re was also regarded as a lioness and was then called Sakhmet, but could also be identified with Mehyt. Onuris was a hunter and warrior, who not only destroyed Egypt's enemies, but also those of the gods, such as Apophis. His weapons were a spear and a lasso. Texts from the New Kingdom call Onuris 'the god of gods', 'the king of the sky' and 'he who created himself', thus turning him into a creator and sun god. Onuris also formed associations with other gods in the pantheon, for example he was worshipped as Onuris-Shu. In another version of the story, it was Shu who brought back the Eye, this time as the goddess Tefnut, who in turn could be depicted as a lioness. The myths about the Eye gave Onuris some of the characteristics of Thoth, who healed the Eye of Horus. Onuris was also connected with the war god Montu, perhaps because he was also linked with yet another god, Horus ('with the strong arm'). Because of his characteristics as a fighter, the Greeks identified him with Ares. Representations show the god in human form, usually with a spear and a rope. Occasionally he has the head of a falcon. On his head are four tall feathers. The first evidence for a cult of Onuris comes from the Abydos region. In the Late Period, Nectanebo II built or rebuilt a temple of Onuris-Shu in Sebennytos in the Delta.

ΘΕΜΕΛΙΟΙ ΛΙΘΟΙ - ΣΤΟΧΟΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΕΠΙΤΕΥΞΗ

Η Ισορροπία συναντά τη δημιουργικότητα,που είναι μία ανάγκη επενέργειας πάνω σε ανθρώπους και αγαθά,επiδίωξης σχεδίων με σκοπό τη δημιουργία ενός ήρεμου περιβάλλοντος όπου όλοι θα αισθανόμαστε καλά.

Η Ισορροπία θέτει ως αξία την συμπληρωματικότητα των δύο φύλων,που πρέπει να δουλέψουν μαζί,ο καθένας με βάσει τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του :
ο άνδρας ο εκ φύσεως ισχυρός,αλλά συναισθηματικά ασταθής,και περισσότερο ευάλωτος στην τραγωδία,ενώ,
η γυναίκα,σωματικά αδυνατώτερη,αλλά πιο ισορροπημένη ψυχολογικά και λιγώτερο ευάλωτη.
Μέσα από μία σχέση Ισορροπημένης Δύναμης δεν παράγονται σύγκρούσεις.
Αυτή η ανάγκη δράσης επιτρέπει την αποφυγή ανίας,
σημαντικής πηγής προβλημάτων.

Η Αυτονομία σταθεροποιεί τη Συναισθηματική Ισορροπία :
μεγαλύτερη εμπιστοσύνη στον εαυτό,
αυτοσεβασμός που επιτρέπει τη θαρραλέα αντιμετώπιση των πιο σύνθετων προκλήσεων και των πιο μεγάλων δυσκολιών.

Η Γαλήνη είναι εσωτερική ειρήνη,εμπιστοσύνη στη ζωή :
σε πολύ στενή σχέση με τις δυνάμεις της φύσης.
Δεν είναι απαραίτητη η ερμηνεία και ο έλεγχος των πάντων : αποδέχομαι τις δυσκολίες και αφήνομαι να κατευθυνθώ από τη ζωή.
Δεν παλεύω ενάντια στη ζωή,δεν αγχώνομαι.
Αποδέχομαι και προχωρώ.
Ασχολούμαι με την ουσία,δεν αφήνω να με αγγίξουν οι λεπτομέρειες.

ΕΝΣΩΜΑΤΩΝΟΜΑΙ ΣΤΟ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝ,
ΔΕΝ ΕΠΙΔΙΩΚΩ ΝΑ ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΗΣΩ ΣΤΗ ΦΥΣΗ.

Η ικανότητα να αντλήσω από τη φύση την υπόσταση μου συμβάλλει στη σφυρηλάτηση της εμπιστοσύνης στον εαυτό μου και στη ζωή.
Αυτή η στάση εξαλείφει την επιθετικότητα και τη νευρικότητα.

Η Εμπιστοσύνη,που είναι ουσιώδης για να διατηρούν οι άνθρωποι ΕΙΛΙΚΡΙΝΕΙΣ ΣΧΕΣΕΙΣ,εξαφανίζεται εξαιτίας του νοσηρού ανταγωνισμού που διεισδύει παντού :
ο δόλος,η υποκρισία γίνονται συμπεριφορές της ύπαρξης,που μετατρέπουν την εμπιστοσύνη σε ελάττωμα.
Μαζί με την έλλειψη εμπιστοσύνης στους ανθρώπους εμφανίζεται η ΜΟΝΑΞΙΑ,δηλαδή το ΑΝΤΙΘΕΤΟ της ΑΛΛΗΛΕΓΓΥΗΣ.

Η Γαλήνη πολλαπλασιάζει τη δύναμη μου,που,
νικώντας το φόβο και την αμφιβολία,παραμένω ήρεμος.
Ακόμη κι όταν οι καταστάσεις είναι ενάντιες,
βρίσκομαι υπεράνω των φυσικών δυσκολιών και πόνων.
Η βεβαιότητα των δυσκολιών και του πόνου μου επιτρέπει να παρηγορώ τους πιο αδύναμους και αποπροσανατολισμένους : ο καρπός της αυτονομίας αποτελεί εξίσου πηγή ψυχολογικής ισορροπίας.
Μ'αυτή την έννοια η Γαλήνη λειτουργεί ταυτόχρονα ως καρπός της αυτονομίας και πηγή δύναμης.

Η Αλληλεγγύη αποτελεί σχεδόν θρησκεία :
η αλληλοβοήθεια είναι ο πρώτος μας κανόνας.
Η Αλληλεγγύη εκφράζει ένα σκοπό :
τη ΣΥΜΒΙΩΣΗ και τη ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ που βρίσκεται στο κέντρο της ύπαρξης μας.
Η Αλληλεγγύη για εμάς εγκλείει την αμοιβαία και χωρίς όρους υποστήριξη προς όλους,αυξάνοντας την αποτελεσματικότητα τους,χωρίς να δημιουργούμε ανταγωνισμούς.
Χαλαρώνουμε όταν περιτριγυριζόμαστε από συνανθρώπους,
δεν αποκτούμε τον αυτοσεβασμό μας παρά μόνο μέσω της επιδοκιμασίας του δίπλα μας κι ο πόνος κι οι δυσκολίες δεν έχει νόημα παρά μόνο σε σχέση με τους άλλους.
Αυτή η άρνηση της αντιμετώπισης της ζωής με τρόπο ατομικιστικό ανταποκρίνεται σε μιά οργάνωση όπου
ΚΑΘΕΝΑΣ ΕΥΘΥΝΕΤΑΙ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΑΛΛΟ,
όπου οι άνθρωποι είναι ολιγάριθμοι,επομένως ΠΟΛΥΤΙΜΟΙ.
Η Δύναμη του Χαρακτήρα μας προέρχεται απ'την ευθύνη της φροντίδας των άλλων.
Στην Αλληλεγγύη,η Αλληλοβοήθεια και το Μοίρασμα αντιτίθενται στον Εγω'ι'σμό και στον άκρατο Ατομικισμό.
Δεν εγκαταλείπω τους ανάπηρους γονείς μου σε ανώνυμα ιδρύματα ή σε ξενόφερτες ψευτο-γηροκόμες,ούτε τα πεταμένα στο δρόμο ή χτυπημένα ζώα,για να είμαι ελεύθερος να ζήσω τη ζωή μου.
Καλός ο Ουρανός,ας φτιάξω όμως πρώτα αυτά που είναι κοντά μου,δίπλα μου.Ας γίνω Αβατάρα αργότερα ή ας επιβραδύνω τη πνευματική μου εξέλιξη έστω και λίγο.
Αυτή η εικόνα ανακαλεί την αιώνια νεότητα μας,τις παιδικές μας κατασκηνώσεις,ως πεδίο προνομιακής άσκησης αυτής της αξίας : των αληθινών και αγνών ανθρωπίνων σχέσεων.

ΑΡΓΟΙ ΣΤΗ ΛΗΨΗ ΑΠΟΦΑΣΕΩΝ :
Η λήψη μιάς απόφασης σημαίνει,κατά κάποιο τρόπο,εμπλοκή στη ζωή των άλλων,που και θα υποστούν τις συνέπειες.
Σε περίπτωση διαφωνίας είναι το καλύτερο να περιμένω.
Περιμένω και συνήθως τα αποτελέσματα αποβαίνουν καθοριστικά.
Η ανάγκη ανοίγματος και κοινής συμφωνίας,που παρεμποδίζει την ταχεία λήψη αποφάσεων,αντιτίθεται στο δόλο,στον υπολογισμό και στην υποκρισία.

ΠΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ :
Δεν αντιδρώ στην πρόκληση με αντιπαράθεση.
Πιστεύω ότι μόνο οι δυστυχισμένοι άνθρωποι μπορούν να προκαλέσουν.
Πιστεύω ότι είναι καλύτερο να τους προσφέρω οτιδήποτε θέλουν.
Η αντιπαράθεση οδηγεί στο μίσος και στην απώλεια της Γαλήνης.
Η Παθητικότητα αντιπαρατίθεται στην Επιθετικότητα.

ΣΥΝΘΕΤΟΤΗΤΑ :
Οικονομία των λόγων.
Δεν μιλώ χωρίς λόγο.
Επιζητώ να φθάσω κατευθείαν στο ουσιώδες,
χωρίς να σταθώ σε λεπτομέρειες.
Αυτό μου επιτρέπει να έρχομαι σ'επαφή με μιά ΠΡΟΟΠΤΙΚΗ του ΣΥΝΟΛΟΥ που οδηγεί στη Γαλήνη : δηλαδή,
ΟΛΙΣΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΛΛΗΨΗ των καταστάσεων.
Η επικέντρωση στις λεπτομέρειες οδηγεί στη μη συνειδητοποίηση των αποτελεσμάτων της πράξης και προκαλεί παρεξηγήσεις ή απώλεια της ουσίας της συζήτησης.
Η αναλυτική σκέψη χάνεται σε λεπτομέρειες και χάνει τον τελικό στόχο της προσπάθειας.

Μ'ΑΥΤΕΣ ΤΙΣ ΑΝΑΠΑΡΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΟΡΤΡΑΙΤΟ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΚΗΣ ΜΑΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ,
ΜΙΑΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΣΤΑΘΕΡΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΤΟΡΥΘΜΙΖΟΜΕΝΗΣ,
ΔΙΑΧΩΡΙΣΜΕΝΗΣ ΑΡΜΟΝΙΚΑ ΑΝΑΜΕΣΑ ΣΤΗ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΝ ΑΝΤΡΑ,
ΑΝΑΜΕΣΑ ΣΤΙΣ ΠΙΕΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΕΑΥΤΟ -ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΙΑ- ΚΑΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΠΙΕΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΚΟ -ΜΟΙΡΑΣΜΑ-.

ΟΛΟΙ ΟΙ ΟΡΟΙ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗΣ ΑΥΤΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΘΕΤΙΚΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΖΟΝΤΑΙ ΘΕΜΕΛΙΑΚΑ ΣΤΟΝ ΕΑΥΤΟ.

Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. This is contrasted withcommunitarian and particularistic theories, especially the ideas of patriotism and nationalism.Cosmopolitanism may entail some sort of world government or it may simply refer to more inclusive moral, economic, and/or political relationships between nations or individuals of different nations. A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called cosmopolitan.
The cosmopolitan community might be based on an inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, or a political structure that encompasses different nations. In its more positive versions, the cosmopolitan community is one in which individuals from different places (e.g nation-states) form relationships of mutual respect. As an example, Kwame Anthony Appiah suggests the possibility of a cosmopolitan community in which individuals from varying locations (physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs (religious, political, etc.).
The word derives from Greek cosmos Κόσμος (the Universe) and polis Πόλις (city).

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